The developing the energies of the Scout leaders in the scientific and practical life will be by perform' their works that they are assigned with more care, accuracy, and speed, take more attention ...honor and honesty and fairness and keep in their minds the strengthening of their bodies self-reliance and instilling the concept of cooperation with their colleagues and familiarize them to serve their local, Arabic, and global societies. The syllable, which aims to enable the individual, involved in the activities of the Scout movement to gain cognitive and emotional qualities and skills that qualify him to achieve his overall growth. The problem of researchers identified the lack of syllabus of the wood badae curriculum and the level of the wooden emblem curriculum of the Scout leaders in Iraq according to this type The aim of the research was to build an assessment of the wooden badge curriculum of the Scout leaders in Iraq, to identify their level of scale and to identify their level based on type, whether they have a difference between them. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method, for itssuitabirty to the native of the stady. The research community had included leaders holders of a wooden badge in Iraq (468) are leaders and commanders deployed in the directorates of education in the governorates of Iraq. The population of research was (406) and it was selected as a leader and 247 male and female leaders of the research community, including 15 male and female leaders of the scale reconnaissance experiment and (232) form to construct. The assessment is in terms of the application sample was (159) leaders, (97) males (62) and females. The study concluded that the level of the wooden medal curriculum among male leaders (very high) while the level of the curriculum in females is (high) indicating that the level of the curriculum of the wooden emblem of males is higher than female. The two researchers recommended the reliance on the current assessment, which was built by the two researchers to detect the level of the wooden badge curriculum based on the type and to conduct a similar study in order to identify the relationship between the wooden medal curriculum and the academic achievement.
Public trust in government can significantly determine the outcome of health policies in any society. Hence, studies have been gauging peoples’ level of trust in their governments’ commitment and ...capacity to win the fight against COVID-19. However, these studies have omitted religious leaders. This is despite the fact that religious leaders play key roles in the area of health in many societies. The present study, therefore, explored the opinions church leaders have about the credibility of the COVID-19 statistics and other government responses in Nigeria. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 church leaders drawn from Anglican, Catholic, and Pentecostal churches in Nigeria. A descriptive narrative approach was employed in the thematic organization and analysis of data. Findings show that only one participant expressed confidence in the credibility of the COVID-19 statistics and other government’s responses. The rest, with the exception of one participant who was uncertain, was distributed between those who believe the statistics and other government efforts are exaggerated and those who believe they are false. The study also found that denominational affiliation mattered with respect to the perceptions about the credibility of the COVID-19 statistics and other government responses. Implications of findings for policy and research are discussed.
Leaders' communication with their publics is a key component in contemporary governance. This is especially true in times of crisis, in which the public relies on their leaders to provide them with ...the information they need, along with a sense of hope. Traditional studies of leaders' rhetoric and verbal communication have found gender differences that fit gender role stereotypes, while newer studies present a different reality - a double-voice in which politicians and leaders use both masculine and feminine rhetoric. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has provided us with a unique opportunity to examine this issue, focusing on leaders' rhetoric during a crisis. An analysis of 30 speeches made by 10 country leaders (five men and five women) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis reveals that while leaders use some rhetorical strategies that fit gender communication expectations, they combine them with other strategies that are stereotypically used by the opposite gender. Our findings regarding men and women leaders' rhetoric during a crisis fit those of newer gender-rhetoric studies that present a usage of both masculine and feminine rhetoric by leaders.
This paper revisits Meindl et al’s (1985) ‘romance of leadership’ thesis and extends these ideas in a number of inter-related ways. First, it argues that the thesis has sometimes been neglected ...and/or misinterpreted in subsequent studies. Second, the paper suggests that romanticism is a much broader and more historically rich term with wider implications for leadership studies than originally proposed. Arguing that romanticism stretches beyond leader attribution, we connect leadership theory to a more enduring and naturalistic tradition of romantic thought that has survived and evolved since the mid-18th century. Third, the paper demonstrates the contemporary relevance of the romanticism critique. It reveals how the study of leadership continues to be characterized by romanticizing tendencies in many of its most influential theories, illustrating this argument with reference to spiritual and authentic leadership theories, which only recognize positive engagement with leaders. Equally, the paper suggests that romanticism can shape conceptions not only of leaders, but also of followers, their agency and their (potential for) resistance. We conclude by discussing future possible research directions for the romanticism critique that extend well beyond its original focus on leader attribution to inform a broader critical approach to leadership studies.
Commanding and managing a military formation is never easy, but it can be even more challenging when the commander has less professional experience than his subordinates. In such a situation, very ...quickly, the commander can lose the trust of his subordinates, due to the little experience and uncertainty he feels at the moment.
Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array (FALMA), a low‐frequency lightning mapping system comprising an array of fast antennas, was developed and established in Gifu, Japan, during the summer of 2017. ...Location results of two hybrid flashes and a cloud‐to‐ground flash comprising 11 return strokes (RSs) are described in detail in this paper. Results show that concurrent branches of stepped leaders can be readily resolved, and K changes and dart leaders with speeds up to 2.4 × 107 m/s are also well imaged. These results demonstrate that FALMA can reconstruct three‐dimensional structures of lightning flashes with great details. Location accuracy of FALMA is estimated by comparing the located striking points of successive RSs in cloud‐to‐ground flashes. Results show that distances between successive RSs are mainly below 25 m, indicating exceptionally high location accuracy of FALMA.
Plain Language Summary
We have developed a lightning mapping system called Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array (FALMA). FALMA detects low‐frequency radio waves produced by lightning discharges at multiple sites and can reconstruct 3‐D structures of lightning flashes. Three lightning flashes are analyzed in detail in this paper, and animations of seven cases are provided in the supporting information. These results demonstrate that FALMA can show development of lightning discharges in great details and accuracy. Types and polarities of lightning discharges can also be determined by the recorded electric field change waveforms. FALMA is expected to become a unique tool for lightning and thunderstorm researches. Research studies of several topics are already underway based on the observation data in the summer of 2017.
Key Points
Lightning 3‐D mapping with high accuracy and great details has been realized by the Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array (FALMA)
Stepped leaders with multiple branches, K changes, and dart leaders with speeds up to 2.4 × 107 m/s are well imaged
Horizontal location accuracy is estimated to be around 20 m by comparing locations of successive return strokes in CG flashes
Making mistakes is an inevitable part of leadership, but little is known about how and when leaders benefit from reflecting on their missteps. In this paper, we propose that mistakes, when reflected ...upon, have the potential to increase a leader's expressed humility. We detail how having leaders recall past mistakes can help them formulate plans for learning and encourage them to express humility. We also argue that this positive relationship is strengthened when leaders have a promotion focus. We detail downstream benefits, as increased levels of leaders’ expressed humility are expected to increase their teams’ improvement‐oriented behaviors and, subsequently, team performance. Across multiple studies and using varied methods (i.e., scenario‐based experiments with 955 managerial leaders, a laboratory experiment with 210 student leaders and team members, and a daily field experiment with 85 managers), we empirically test the proposed relationships. Our studies contribute to the literature by identifying leaders’ recall of learning from mistakes as an important intervention to elicit their expressed humility.
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