The upsurge of shadow banking is typically driven by rising financing demand from certain real sectors. In China, the 4 trillion yuan stimulus package in 2009 was behind the rapid growth of shadow ...banking after 2012, expediting the development of Chinese corporate bond markets in the poststimulus period. Chinese local governments financed the stimulus through bank loans in 2009 and then resorted to nonbank debt financing after 2012 when faced with rollover pressure from bank debt coming due. Cross-sectionally, using a political-economy-based instrument, we show that provinces with greater bank loan growth in 2009 experienced more municipal corporate bond issuance during 2012–2015, together with more shadow banking activities including trustloans and wealth management products. China’s poststimulus experience exhibits similarities to financial market development during the US National Banking Era.
•We investigated causes of urban sprawl in China from land financial incentives.•Urban sprawl in Chongqing manifests in the forms of industrial parks, residential communities and peri-urban informal ...development.•Chongqing underwent rapid urban sprawl toward the peri-urban areas.•The conflicts around land financial incentives have driven urban sprawl in Chongqing.
Uneven land reform and entangled land-use regulations are extensively regarded as the key to urban sprawl in large cities in China. Although the significance of land issues has been substantially recognized, conflicts regarding land finance seem to be a generally under-evaluated factor in explaining the phenomenon of urban sprawl. This study conducted an extensive literature research and proposed a conceptual framework to demonstrate the effects of land financial incentives on urban sprawl in China. Urban sprawl in China manifests in multiple forms, such as leapfrogged industrial parks, low-density residential communities that are discontinuous from existing urban centers, and chaotic peri-urban informal development. These forms of urban sprawl may be closely associated with failures in government and market forces under the land financial incentives. We used this framework to analyze the experiences of Chongqing and found that local governments have heavily relied on land finance through the proactive approach of land leasing. Stimulated by the incentives, Chongqing has accelerated its urban development beyond the existing restrictions of natural barriers and sprawled toward the peri-urban areas. The causes of urban sprawl were highlighted from the inherent impulses and conflicts of land finance, such as the oversupply of underpriced industrial land at the current loss of land finance, overreliance on the continuously increasing land finance from residential land, and fierce competition on slicing the pie of land finance through formal and informal means. The proposed framework and the challenges of anti-sprawl policies were also discussed.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación causal entre la descentralización político-administrativa y la democracia en México, como un proceso histórico-dinámico que busca ...fortalecer la autonomía regional y local a través de reformas que legitimen un nuevo orden democrático, el cual depende múltiples y variados factores que acompañan muchos planteamientos que originan una realidad empírica confusa. Para dilucidar sobre esta confusión, se emplea el método descriptivo-analítico revisando la literatura clásica y contemporánea sobre la base de la idea de democracia y descentralización, así como, el estudio empírico que proporciona el Índice de Desarrollo Democrático de México 2022, el cual vincula la calidad de la democracia y la capacidad institucional de la gestión democrática en la provisión de servicios públicos. A pesar del avance procedimental democrático del país las dificultades que los gobiernos subnacionales y locales para consolidar instituciones y mecanismos que propicien cambios en sus respectivas administraciones subsisten por las restricciones financieras y administrativas determinadas por la agenda de la política nacional.
Intergovernmental conflicts, in Latin America's centralism and the recentralization in Peru, have been more acute over the last 30 years, producing sociopolitical, economic, and cultural problems at ...subnational levels. Based on the design of the grounded theory of Glasser and Strauss, this sociopolitical phenomenon is analyzed from the perspective of local governments in the Puno region to account for the emerging categories and subcategories of analysis regarding the dynamics of intergovernmental relations (IGR) in the local public policy process. The main argument is that, as a result of centralism, recentralization, and intergovernmental conflicts, territorial inequality reproduces and reinforces at the local level. These are expressed in a dichotomy between the deficit territorial dynamics (backward areas) and entrepreneurial territorial dynamics (growth areas). Keywords: intergovernmental relations; recentralization; central government; local government; Peru. Os conflitos intergovernamentais, no contexto do centralismo Latino-americano e da recentralizacao no Peru, se agravaram nos ultimos 30 anos, produzindo varios problemas sociopoliticos, economicos e culturais em niveis subnacionais. Este fenomeno sociopolitico e analisado a partir da perspectiva dos governos locais na regiao de Puno, com base no desenho da Grounded Theory de Glasser e Strauss, para dar conta das categorias e subcategorias emergentes de analise sobre a dinamica das relacoes intergovernamentais (RIG) no processo de politicas publicas locais. O principal argumento e que, como resultado do centralismo, da recentralizacao e dos conflitos intergovernamentais, a desigualdade territorial e reproduzida e reforcada nos niveis locais, expressa em uma dicotomia entre: dinamicas de deficit territorial (areas de atraso) e dinamicas territoriais empreendedoras (areas de crescimento). Palavras-chave: relacoes intergovernamentais; recentralizacao; governo central; governo local; Peru. Los conflictos intergubernamentales, en el contexto del centralismo Latinoamericano y la recentralizacion en el Peru, se han agudizado durante los ultimos 30 anos, produciendo diversos problemas sociopoliticos, economicos y culturales en los ambitos subnacionales. Este fenomeno sociopolitico se analiza desde la perspectiva de los gobiernos locales en la region Puno, basado en el diseno de la Teoria Fundamentada de Glasser y Strauss, para dar cuenta de las categorias y subcategorias de analisis emergentes respecto de la dinamica de las relaciones intergubernamentales (RIG) en el proceso de las politicas publicas locales. El argumento principal es que, como resultado del centralismo, la recentralizacion y los conflictos intergubernamentales, se reproduce y se refuerza la desigualdad territorial en los ambitos locales, expresada en una dicotomia entre: dinamicas territoriales deficitarias (zonas de atraso) y dinamicas territoriales emprendedoras (areas de crecimiento). Palabras clave: relaciones intergubernamentales; recentralizacion; gobierno central; gobierno local; Peru.
This book develops a new interpretation of the transformation of statehood under contemporary globalizing capitalism. Whereas most analysts of the emergent, post-Westphalian world order have focused ...on supranational and national institutional realignments, this book shows that strategic subnational spaces, such as cities and city-regions, represent essential arenas in which states are being transformed. The book traces the transformation of urban governance in western Europe during the last four decades and, on this basis, argues that inherited geographies of state power are being fundamentally rescaled. Through a combination of theory construction, historical analysis and cross-national case studies of urban policy change, this book provides an analysis of the new formations of state power that are currently emerging.
Since 1980, over 2,000 local governments in US Atlantic states have been hit by a hurricane. We study local government fiscal dynamics in the aftermath of hurricanes. These shocks reduce tax ...revenues, public expenditures, and debt financing in the decade following a hurricane. Hurricanes create collateral fiscal damage for local governments by increasing the cost of debt at critical moments after a strike. Municipalities with a 1 standard deviation-above-average racial minority composition suffer expenditure losses more than 2 times larger and debt default risk 8 times larger than the average municipalities in the decade following a hurricane strike.
In this autobiography Sir Rodney Brooke provides a variously funny, thoughtful, inciteful and depressing read as he takes us through his illustrious career of over 40 years in English local ...government. Alongside Brooke’s own climb up the stairway, he chronicles the decline of local government as an institution in Britain, sprinkled with anecdotes that show the diversity and idiosyncrasies which make local government so fascinating, and at times entertaining.
Children of color are overrepresented in the child welfare system, and Black children have been most significantly impacted by this racial disproportionality. Racial disproportionality in child ...welfare exists because of influences that are both external to child welfare systems and part of the child welfare system. We summarize the causes of racial disproportionality, arguing that internal and external causes of disproportional involvement originate from a common underlying factor: structural and institutional racism that is both within child welfare systems and part of society at large. Further, we review options for addressing racial disproportionality, arguing that it needs to be rectified because of the harm it causes Black children and families and that forcible separation of children from their parents can no longer be viewed as an acceptable form of intervention for families in need.
Abstract
Changes in health in the countries of the UK and 150 English Local Authority areas 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
PDF
