Setiawan E, Ardiyani M, Miftahudin, Poulsen AD, Chikmawati T. 2022. The diversity and distribution of Alpinia Zerumbet clade in West Malesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1734-1744. Alpinia belongs to the ...family Zingiberaceae and tribe Alpinioideae. One of the centres of Alpinia diversity is in Malesia, yet information regarding the taxon in this area is very limited. Furthermore, species richness and distribution in West Malesia have not been well documented particularly in respect of the taxonomical development following clade classification. The aim of the current paper is to study the morphological diversity and distribution of Alpinia Zerumbet clade in West Malesia to provide taxonomic information. Exploration was done in several locations in Java and Sumatra. Data were obtained from fresh and herbarium specimens preserved in three herbaria (BO, SING, BRUN), as well as digitally (L, E, and K). A total of 16 Alpinia species are placed in the clade of Zerumbet classified into a section, namely section Alpinia were recorded in West Malesia. They share several characters: i.e. absent or caducous secondary bracts, small or reduced lateral staminodes, and often having a petaloid and showy labellum. The highest diversity of Alpinia Zerumbet clade is recorded in the Philippines and Borneo (each has 7 species) and the lowest diversity is in Java (2 species). The most abundant habitat is in the lowlands and mountain rainforests. Most species of Alpinia Zerumbet clade are found in primary forest and secondary forest (Pinus or Agathis forest). A determination key was constructed based on information in the literature and direct observations of herbarium specimens.
Origins and Assembly of Malesian Rainforests Kooyman, Robert M; Morley, Robert J; Crayn, Darren M ...
Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics,
11/2019, Volume:
50, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Unraveling the origins of Malesia's once vast, hyperdiverse rainforests is a perennial challenge. Major contributions to rainforest assembly came from floristic elements carried on the Indian Plate ...and montane elementsfrom the Australian Plate (Sahul). The Sahul component is now understood to include substantial two-way exchanges with Sunda inclusive of lowland taxa. Evidence for the relative contributions of the great Asiatic floristic interchanges (GAFIs) with India and Sahul, respectively, to the flora of Malesia comes from contemporary lineage distributions, the fossil record, time-calibrated phylogenies, functional traits, and the spatial structure of genetic diversity. Functional-trait and biome conservatism are noted features of montane austral lineages from Sahul (e.g., diverse Podocarpaceae), whereas the abundance and diversity of lowland lineages, including
Syzygium
(Myrtaceae) and the Asian dipterocarps (Dipterocarpoideae), reflect a less well understood combination of dispersal, ecology, and adaptive radiations. Thus, Malesian rainforest assembly has been shaped by sharply contrasting evolutionary origins and biogeographic histories.
Abstract
Aim
Flower traits are critical to the mutualistic networks that underpin ecosystem function. However, the broad‐scale drivers of flower traits are unclear. Using the megadiverse islands of ...Malesia, we test three hypotheses: (1) Flower size, openness and colourfulness (i.e. the trend from white to colourful flowers) will decrease with increasing temperature, but not with increasing precipitation seasonality. (2) Flower size, openness and colourfulness will increase with island area, and decrease with isolation. (3) Models parameterised by climate, rather than non‐climatic island characteristics will have the greatest predictive capacity as climate affects both pollinator communities and energetic/physiological constraints upon flower traits.
Location
Fourteen Malesian islands.
Taxon
Angiosperms.
Methods
We applied Bayesian phylogenetic models of occurrence for >2500 species in 400 m elevation bands, across islands, as a function of flower trait interactions with either climatic variables or islands characteristics. We compare predictive capacity of models based on climate versus island characteristics using Leave One Out‐Cross Validation.
Results
All six flower traits examined varied with at least temperature, precipitation seasonality, island area and isolation. Flowers are larger in cold environments. The lowland tropics are mostly inhabited by white flowered species. At cold high elevations, red and pink flowered species are more frequent whereas green and purple flowered species increase in the drought‐prone seasonally dry tropics. Flower openness declined with precipitation seasonality and increased with isolation. Models parameterised by climate performed best for perianth length, red and white flowers, whereas pink flowers and flower openness were better predicted using island characteristics.
Main Conclusions
There are relationships between flower traits and climatic gradients within Malesia. However, island characteristics have also left a legacy upon current flower trait distributions. These island biogeographical impacts are likely key for the eco‐evolutionary drivers of flower traits.
Our goal was to interrogate the idea that “mountain passes are higher in the tropics” by investigating ecological and biogeographic drivers of elevational range‐sizes patterns among equatorial flora. ...We used herbarium records for 60 species‐rich plant families, representing 18 535 species total, to estimate distributions over a 4500 m elevational gradient. For each family, we estimated the change in average range‐sizes with increasing elevation (i.e. Rapoport's rule, abbreviated as ERR) and quantified 15 metrics of familial richness distribution, evolutionary age, and biogeographic affiliation. We visualized covariation across families using phylogenetic principal components analysis (pPCA). We then evaluated how family‐level ERR slopes correlated with each metric individually, as well as when using multivariate techniques to reduce dimensionality. We hypothesized that if long term climate stability over millions of years promotes habitat specialization, then among taxa with longer‐term tropical affiliations, we would expect smaller range‐sizes within lowland forests, with greater range‐size expansion towards higher elevations, expressed as a positive ERR slope. Conversely, variation in growing conditions should promote larger, relatively consistent, range‐sizes at all sections of an elevational gradient, expressed as a neutral ERR slope. Our results support this corollary because of the dichotomy of ERR slopes observed in relation to the elevational distribution of richness and historical biogeographic positioning. We found that families with greater Sundaland endemism, or richness that was restricted to tropical lowland forests, had positive ERR slopes. Families with stronger Sahul affiliation, or montane centered richness, had shallower, neutral, or negative ERR slopes, as did clades with temperate origins. Families with Wallacea affiliation, broader latitudinal or elevational distributions, cosmopolitanism, greater richness, or older evolutionary age had mixed results. We conclude that the relative steepness of an ERR slope is an indicator of a taxonomic group's tolerance of habitat variation and vulnerability to contemporary climate change.
Wanda IF, Djuita NR, Chikmawati T. 2021. Molecular phylogenetics of Malesian Diospyros (Ebenaceae) based trnL-F spacer sequences. Biodiversitas 22: 4106-4114. Diospyros is a genus composed of ...potential species as an economic commodity with high diversity. However, there is limited information on the phylogenetic relationship of this genus in the Malesian region. This study aimed to provide information on the species diversity through a DNA barcoding approach and revealing the phylogenetic information of Diospyros spp. in the Malesian region. This study used 20 Diospyros accessions from Bogor Botanical Garden collections, 40 Diospyros accessions, and four outgroup accessions obtained from the NCBI database. The DNA barcoding primer utilized comes from plastids, trnL-F intergenic spacer. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the Maximum-Parsimony method. A total of 20 accessions of Diospyros were validated with sequence data on the genebank. The result showed that all accessions had relationships with 44 other Diospyros species globally. Here, we reported 10 new trnL-F intergenic spacer sequences of Malesian Diospyros species. A phylogenetic tree grouped 64 monophyletic Diospyros species into seven clades. The phylogenetic results supports the biogeographic hypothesis: the Malesian region, the Malesian-Caledonian Region, and Cosmopolite species in almost all bioregions.
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