Propolis (bee glue) has been known for centuries. The ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians were aware of the healing properties of propolis and made extensive use of it as a medicine. In the middle ...ages propolis was not a very popular topic and its use in mainstream medicine disappeared. However, the knowledge of medicinal properties of propolis survived in traditional folk medicine. The interest in propolis returned in Europe together with the renaissance theory of ad fontes. It has only been in the last century that scientists have been able to prove that propolis is as active and important as our forefathers thought. Research on chemical composition of propolis started at the beginning of the twentieth century and was continued after WW II. Advances in chromatographic analytical methods enabled separation and extraction of several components from propolis. At least 180 different compounds have been identified so far. Its antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anesthetic, and healing properties have been confirmed. Propolis has been effectively used in treatment of dermatological, laryngological, and gynecological problems, neurodegenerative diseases, in wound healing, and in treatment of burns and ulcers. However, it requires further research that may lead to new discoveries of its composition and possible applications.
Este libro aborda el papel de la espiritualidad en la formación y consolación de los reinos ibéricos, especialmente en Castilla, Aragón y Portugal, y en menor grado, Navarra. Pone énfasissus ...factores comunes y sus peculiaridades diferenciales. Metodológicamente, se basa en la historia comparada y la mirada interdisciplinar. Concede una atención preferente a tres cuestiones básicas: los territorios de frontera, concebidos como un espacio común, de encrucijada, en torno a instituciones monásticas o diocesanas: los argumentos propagandísticos de carácter religioso contra los extranjeros de los otros reinos o del occidente europeo, y la incidencia de la religiosidad y la devoción en la imagen del poder de las tres monarquías ibéricas más relevantes, durante la Bala Edad Media. Texto de la editorial
In In the Mirror of the Prodigal Son: The Pastoral Uses of a Biblical Narrative (c. 1200-1550) Pietro Delcorno reconstructs how this biblical parable became, particularly through preaching, a key ...master narrative in shaping religious identity in medieval and Reformation Europe.
Since as early as the 19th century, many scholars have devoted themselves to the calculation of sets of orbital elements for particular historical comets. In many cases, these studies have led to ...proposing orbits that have given satisfactory answers to contemporary observations or later reports about these celestial bodies. As new records or improved translations of existing sources appear, the already calculated orbits can be refined, or even new ones can be achieved. In this paper we focus on historical observations from Eastern and European countries in the late 4th and 5th centuries to suggest new determinations of orbital elements for some of these comets, or, where appropriate, to discuss or improve existing ones. We will also carry out a separate study of comets from the years AD422–423 and AD467, which have been suggested as the parent comets of the Kreutz system of sungrazer comets.
•The calculation of sets of orbital elements for particular historical comets has been a field of study widely treated by numerous authors.•The discovery or improvement in the translations of historical sources can lead to propose orbits for some comets or improve existing ones•We focus on historical observations from Eastern and European countries in the late 4th and 5th centuries to suggest or improve orbital elements.•We will also carry out a study of comets of the 5th century that have been suggested as the parent comets of the Kreutz system of sungrazer comets.
Recent Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling Kaufman, Darrell S; Schneider, David P; McKay, Nicholas P ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
09/2009, Volume:
325, Issue:
5945
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The temperature history of the first millennium C.E. is sparsely documented, especially in the Arctic. We present a synthesis of decadally resolved proxy temperature records from poleward of 60°N ...covering the past 2000 years, which indicates that a pervasive cooling in progress 2000 years ago continued through the Middle Ages and into the Little Ice Age. A 2000-year transient climate simulation with the Community Climate System Model shows the same temperature sensitivity to changes in insolation as does our proxy reconstruction, supporting the inference that this long-term trend was caused by the steady orbitally driven reduction in summer insolation. The cooling trend was reversed during the 20th century, with four of the five warmest decades of our 2000-year-long reconstruction occurring between 1950 and 2000.
Explores a key contradiction in the early university: The attempt to formulate knowledge in a way that was scientific and rational while simultaneously giving credence to mystical experienceProvides ...new insights into not only the nature of the early university, but into contemporary concerns about professional identity, self, knowledge, academy, and society
Draws on a vast array of sources across numerous fields: well-mined philosophical and theologicaltreatises, Franciscan and Dominican hagiography, courtly romances, and numerous anonymous andunpublished writings from the era
Can ecstatic experiences be studied with the academic instruments of rational investigation? What kinds of religious illumination are experienced by academically minded people? And what is the specific nature of the knowledge of God that university theologians of the Middle Ages enjoyed compared with other modes of knowing God, such as rapture, prophecy, the beatific vision, or simple faith?Ecstasy in the Classroomexplores the interface between academic theology and ecstatic experience in the first half of the thirteenth century, formative years in the history of the University of Paris, medieval Europe's "fountain of knowledge." It considers little-known texts by William of Auxerre, Philip the Chancellor, William of Auvergne, Alexander of Hales, and other theologians of this community, thus creating a group portrait of a scholarly discourse. It seeks to do three things. The first is to map and analyze the scholastic discourse about rapture and other modes of cognition in the first half of the thirteenth century. The second is to explicate the perception of the self that these modes imply: the possibility of transformation and the complex structure of the soul and its habits. The third is to read these discussions as a window on the predicaments of a newborn community of medieval professionals and thereby elucidate foundational tensions in the emergent academic culture and its social and cultural context. Juxtaposing scholastic questions with scenes of contemporary courtly romances and reading Aristotle'sAnalyticsalongside hagiographical anecdotes,Ecstasy in the Classroomchallenges the often rigid historiographical boundaries between scholastic thought and its institutional and cultural context.
This study presents the results of integrated isotopic and dental calculus analyses of a number of individuals buried in two cemeteries of Roman and medieval chronology in Lamon(Belluno), northern ...Italy. Eleven individuals from the Roman cemetery of San Donato and six from the medieval cemetery of San Pietro are presented and discussed. The results suggest a continuity of geographic residence for the two populations, with most of the analysed individuals showing a local or regional origin. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes are indicative of a diet based on a mixed C3/C4 plant consumption and rich in animal proteins, with no significant difference between the Roman and the medieval populations. The consumption of C4 plants, more resilient to the Alpine climate, is consistently documented both by isotopes and dental calculus. Dental calculus results permit the characterisation of the typology of the crop consumed, namely millet, barley/wheat and legumes and may also suggest differing cooking processes between the Roman and the medieval periods. Phytoliths, vascular elements, fungal spores and animal remains from dental calculus provide new insights into the diet of the analysed individuals but also, hypothetically, into possible medicinal treatments. The presence of birds such as fowls and ducks in the medieval diet of some individuals from San Pietro has also emerged. Overall, the results of this study open a new window into the biographies of the individuals analysed, their diet, mobility, habits, and environment, thus stimulating further and more systematic investigation on the populations occupying an Alpine sector which is still poorly understood from an archaeological perspective.
Este artículo pretende analizar desde un punto de vista geopolítico la estructura del proceso que condujo a la formación del Estado territorial. El artículo comienza presentando las principales ...aportaciones al debate sobre la formación del Estado. A continuación presenta la teoría del equilibrio puntuado, que constituye un modelo de cambio extraído dela biología evolutiva. Esta teoría explica el patrón que mejor describe la evolución del Estado desde la Baja Edad Media europea. Después, explica la teoría realista neoclásica, que proporciona el marco conceptual para analizar las interacciones entre los factores dela segunda y tercera imagen. Además de esto aborda cómo se utiliza la geopolítica para contrastarla hipótesis. Por último, el artículo expone los principales resultados obtenidos.
Geographies of Philological Knowledge examines the relationship between medievalism and colonialism in the nineteenth-century Hispanic American context through the striking case of the Creole Andrés ...Bello (1781–1865), a Venezuelan grammarian, editor, legal scholar, and politician, and his lifelong philological work on the medieval heroic narrative that would later become Spain's national epic, the Poem of the Cid. Nadia R. Altschul combs Bello's study of the poem and finds throughout it evidence of a "coloniality of knowledge." Altschul reveals how, during the nineteenth century, the framework for philological scholarship established in and for core European nations—France, England, and especially Germany—was exported to Spain and Hispanic America as the proper way of doing medieval studies. She argues that the global designs of European philological scholarship are conspicuous in the domain of disciplinary historiography, especially when examining the local history of a Creole Hispanic American like Bello, who is neither fully European nor fully alien to European culture. Altschul likewise highlights Hispanic America's intellectual internalization of coloniality and its understanding of itself as an extension of Europe. A timely example of interdisciplinary history, interconnected history, and transnational study, Geographies of Philological Knowledge breaks with previous nationalist and colonialist histories and thus forges a new path for the future of medieval studies.
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