Eine Trendsportart naturverträglich entwickeln Mountainbiken ist Breitensport. Jahr für Jahr sind Millionen von Menschen auf Bergen und in Wäldern mit dem Rad unterwegs. Die Auswirkungen auf Natur ...und Landschaft sind nicht vollständig erforscht. Erst allmählich setzen sich Standards für Infrastrukturen und Angebotsplanung im Mountainbiken durch. Das Buch zeigt mithilfe von Fallbeispielen, wie naturverträgliches Mountainbiken gestaltet, Nutzungskonflikte vermieden und die Akzeptanz für Lenkungsmaßnahmen erhöht werden können. Dabei greift der Band auf Ergebnisse aktueller Studien aus Raumplanung, Ökologie, Qualitäts- und Besuchermanagement zurück. Das Buch richtet sich an Destinantionsmanager:innen, Naturschutzorganisationen, Mountainbikeanbieter:innen und touristische Dienstleister:innen sowie die Forstwirtschaft, Tourismusstudierende und -forscher:innen Der Band ist Teil der Reihe ""Natur und Outdoorsport"". Er befasst sich mit der naturverträglichen Ausgestaltung von Outdoorsportarten.
Objectives
Only a small proportion of lung transplant recipients achieve a physical status comparable to healthy individuals in the long term. It is reasonable to hypothesize that the necessary ...cardiopulmonary adaptation required for strenuous physical exercise may be impaired. Exposure to high altitude provides an optimal platform to study the physiological cardiopulmonary adaptation in lung transplant recipients under aerobic conditions. To gain a deeper understanding, 14 healthy lung transplant recipients and healthcare professionals climbed the highest peak in North Africa (Mount Jebel Toubkal; 4167 m) in September 2019.
Methods
Monitoring included daily assessment of vital signs, repeated transthoracic echocardiography, pulmonary function tests, and capillary blood sampling throughout the expedition.
Results
Eleven out of fourteen lung transplant recipients reached the summit. All recipients showed a stable lung function and vital parameters and physiological adaptation of blood gases. Similar results were found in healthy controls. Lung transplant recipients showed worse results in the 6‐minute walk test at low and high altitude compared to controls (day 1: 662 m vs. 725 m, p < 0.001, day 5: 656 m vs. 700 m, p = 0.033) and a lack of contractile adaptation of right ventricular function with increasing altitude as measured by tricuspid plane systolic excursion on echocardiography (day 2: 22 mm vs. 24 mm, p = 0.202, day 5: 23 mm vs. 26 mm, p = 0.035).
Conclusions
Strenuous exercise in healthy lung transplant recipients is safe. However, the poorer cardiopulmonary performance in the 6‐minute walk test and the lack of right ventricular cardiac adaptation may indicate underlying autonomic dysregulation.
In the Olympic climbing discipline of bouldering, climbers can preview boulders before actually climbing them. Whilst such pre-climbing route previewing is considered as central to subsequent ...climbing performance, research on cognitive-behavioural processes during the preparatory phase in the modality of bouldering is lacking. The present study aimed at extending existing findings on neural efficiency processes associated with advanced skill level during motor activity preparation by examining cognitive-behavioural processes during the previewing of boulders.
Intermediate (n = 20), advanced (n = 20), and elite (n = 20) climbers were asked to preview first, and then attempt two boulders of different difficulty levels (boulder 1: advanced difficulty; boulder 2: elite difficulty). During previewing, climbers’ gaze behaviour was gathered using a portable eye-tracker.
Linear regression revealed for both boulders a significant relation between participants’ skill levels and both preview duration and number of scans during previewing. Elite climbers more commonly used a superficial scan path than advanced and intermediate climbers. In the more difficult boulder, both elite and advanced climbers showed longer preview durations, performed more scans, and applied less often a superficial scan path than in the easier boulder.
Findings revealed that cognitive-behavioural processes during route previewing are associated with climbing expertise and boulder difficulty. Superior domain-specific cognitive proficiency seems to account for the expertise-processing-paradigm in boulder previewing, contributing to faster and more conscious acquisition of perceptual cues, more efficient visual search strategies, and better identification of representative patterns among experts.
•We examined cognitive-behavioural processes during route previewing in Olympic bouldering.•Elite climbers made shorter preview durations, performed fewer scans, and more commonly used a superficial scanning strategy than advanced and intermediate climbers.•Climbing movement repertoire accounts for the expertise-processing-paradigm in boulder previewing.•Superior task-specific cognitive proficiency contributes to a faster and more conscious pickup of perceptual cues, more efficient visual search strategies, and a better identification of representative patterns among experts.
Increasing mountain activity and decreasing participant preparedness, as well as climate change, suggest needs to tailor mountain rescue. In Sweden, previous medical research of these services are ...lacking. The aim of the study is to describe Swedish mountain rescue missions as a basis for future studies, public education, resource allocation, and rescuer training.
Retrospective analysis of all mission reports in the national Swedish Police Registry on Mountain Rescue 2018-2022 (n = 1543). Outcome measures were frequencies and characteristics of missions, casualties, fatalities, traumatic injuries, medical conditions, and incident mechanisms.
Jämtland county had the highest proportion of missions (38%), followed by Norrbotten county (36%). 2% of missions involved ≥ 4 casualties, and 44% involved ≥ 4 mountain rescuers. Helicopter use was recorded in 59% of missions. Non-Swedish citizens were rescued in 12% of missions. 37% of casualties were females. 14% of casualties were ≥ 66 or ≤ 12 years of age. Of a total 39 fatalities, cardiac event (n = 14) was the most frequent cause of death, followed by trauma (n = 10) and drowning (n = 8). There was one avalanche fatality. 8 fatalities were related to snowmobiling, and of the total 1543 missions, 309 (20%) were addressing snowmobiling incidents. Of non-fatal casualties, 431 involved a medical condition, of which 90 (21%) suffered hypothermia and 73 (17%) cardiovascular illness.
These baseline data suggest snowmobiling, cardiac events, drownings, multi-casualty incidents, and backcountry internal medicine merit future study and intervention.
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