Abstract
Despite renewed interest in news literacy (NL) as a way to combat mis- and dis-information, existing scholarship is plagued by insufficient theory building and inadequate conceptualization ...of both “NL” and its application. We address this concern by offering a concise definition of NL and suggest five key knowledge and skill domains that comprise this literacy. We distinguish NL from its application to behaviors that communication scholars have been interested in, including news exposure, verification, and identifying misinformation. We propose an adapted Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to include NL in addition to the existing components (attitudes towards the behavior, social norms, perceived behavioral control) when modeling NL Behaviors. We discuss how this model can unite scholars across subfields and propose a research agenda for moving scholarship forward.
The interaction of colloidal species is prominently governed by their surface properties. The adsorption of charged proteins at the surface of the Polyaniline nanotubes (PN) results in the ...electrostatic interactions which can be moulded by controlling the surrounding zeta potential. The zeta potential of PN as a function of pH, charge density and ionic strength was determined and the results are duly explained by 1-pK model and Grahame model as empirical data fits well to these models. Similarly, the surface charge and zeta potential of the 1 NLB antibodies were also determined which later on explained the adsorption of 1 NLB antibodies on PN in aqueous media. The isoelectric point (IEP) of PN showed variation as function of surface coverage by adsorbed 1 NLB antibody mass. These results were utilized to fabricate a label-free impedimetric immunosensor aimed at the detection of hepatitis C (HCV) 1 NLB monoclonal antibodies (anticore mAbs 19D9D6). The bioactive interfacial layer was attained by the immobilization of 1 NLB monoclonal antibodies at the PN which were later on spin coated on ITO substrate for fabricating impedimetric immunosensor. The impedimetric immunosensor shows linear response range of 01 ng mL−1 to 200 ng mL−1 of HCV core antigen concentration with detection limit of 0.02 ng mL−1 (3σ/S). The charge transfer resistance change (Rct) showed an absence of the prominent change depicting the stability of the impedimetric immunosensor whereas the sensitivity of sensor was found to be 12.215 Ω mL ng−1.
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•Polyanilne nanotubes (PN) based label-free impedimetric immunosensor is proposed.•Electrokinetics of PN illuminates the changing chemistry of PN surface due to coverage by adsorbed proteins.•The charge transfer resistance increases with the increase in antigen concentration (Polypeptide 13-40 residue).•Selectivity of 12.215 Ω mL ng-1 was achieved due to the specific nature of 1 NLB interaction with HCV core nucleocapsid polypeptide antigen.
Northern corn leaf blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum, is a major disease of maize. The first major locus conferring resistance to E. turcicum race 0, Ht1, was identified over ...50 years ago, but the underlying gene has remained unknown. We employed a map‐based cloning strategy to identify the Ht1 causal gene, which was found to be a coiled‐coil nucleotide‐binding, leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) gene, which we named PH4GP‐Ht1. Transgenic testing confirmed that introducing the native PH4GP‐Ht1 sequence to a susceptible maize variety resulted in resistance to E. turcicum race 0. A survey of the maize nested association mapping genomes revealed that susceptible Ht1 alleles had very low to no expression of the gene. Overexpression of the susceptible B73 allele, however, did not result in resistant plants, indicating that sequence variations may underlie the difference between resistant and susceptible phenotypes. Modelling of the PH4GP‐Ht1 protein indicated that it has structural homology to the Arabidopsis NLR resistance gene ZAR1, and probably forms a similar homopentamer structure following activation. RNA sequencing data from an infection time course revealed that 1 week after inoculation there was a threefold reduction in fungal biomass in the PH4GP‐Ht1 transgenic plants compared to wild‐type plants. Furthermore, PH4GP‐Ht1 transgenics had significantly more inoculation‐responsive differentially expressed genes than wild‐type plants, with enrichment seen in genes associated with both defence and photosynthesis. These results demonstrate that the NLR PH4GP‐Ht1 is the causal gene underlying Ht1, which represents a different mode of action compared to the previously reported wall‐associated kinase northern corn leaf blight resistance gene Htn1/Ht2/Ht3.
Maize northern corn leaf blight resistance gene Ht1 was cloned by a map‐based strategy. It encodes an NLR protein with structural homology to ZAR1 and gene classification indicates it has a different mode of action to Htn1/Ht2/Ht3.
As the color is a dominant factor for isolation of the diseased part of corn maize, the detachment of disease affected parts in maize plant leaf is achieved using integrated Color Filtering followed ...by a threshold masking. The Particular HSV from a color image of maize plant is extracted .Major steps involved here is to initially convert an RGB image of disease affected maize plant to HSV and second is to apply a threshold mask to filter out the green color of healthy maize plant and detach the brown and yellow diseased area thereof. This method is applied and tested with around 30 maize leaves, and the results found that the proposed methodology performs well with overlapped healthy maize leaf compared to K-means Clustering algorithm. False Positive is produced in K-means method and this Proposed system as integrates with Color Filtering and thresholding works well with overlapped images so that it increases True negative as the Accuracy of the proposed method increases. This proposed methodology identifies well with perfect maize leaf images and misclassifications occur only with images with dark shadows, light illuminations and sanded background.
Very high resolution optical remote sensing images (RSI) are often corrupted by noise. Among popular denoising methods in the state of the art, nonlocal Bayes (NLB) has led to successful results on ...real datasets, with high quality and reasonable computation time. However, its computation time remains prohibitive with respect to requirements of operational RSI pipelines, such as Pléiades one. In this paper, we tackle such an issue and introduce several optimizations aiming to significantly reduce the computation time required by NLB while keeping the best denoising quality (i.e., preserving edges, textures, and homogeneous areas). More precisely, our improvements consist of reducing multiple estimations of a same pixel with a masking technique and modifying the spatial extent of the similar patch search area (i.e., one of the main parts of nonlocal algorithms, such as NLB). We report several experiments and discuss optimal settings for these parameters, allowing a gain in computation time of 50% (resp. 15%) with optimized masking strategy (resp. spatial extent of the search area). When both contributions are combined, we achieve the same denoising quality as standard NLB while doubling the computation efficiency, the latter being increased fivefold if we accept a very small (lower than 0.1%) loss in quality.
The overuse and abuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry is an ongoing problem. While probiotics could be an alternative, their effectiveness, stability and production cost are key factors that need ...to be addressed first. This study used a mixed culture of
Bifidobacterium bifidum, Clostridium butyricum, Bacillus subtilis
and
Bacillus licheniformis
on a simple and inexpensive solid-state medium generated by pouring a liquid MRS medium, which was designed to favor the dense growth of
lactobacilli
, onto wheat bran at a ratio of 1:2 by weight. Using this method, we achieved a very high number of live bacteria (NLB), at 3.93 × 10
14
CFU/g, without the need for expensive anaerobic equipment. The mixed culture thus achieved striking results that were up to 10,000 times better than the pure culture and did not require special anaerobic equipment. A real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the shares of the four strains in the mixed culture probiotics (MCPs) were 2, 17, 46, and 35%, respectively, which indicates that the fermentation product contained an uneven distribution of the four probiotic target bacteria. The MCPs possessed good storage stability at room temperature, and the NLB was greater than 10
6
CFU/g after 30 days at 25°C, which made it easier to transport and store. They also demonstrated good stability in artificial digestion fluids, with an NLB of over 10
12
CFU/g after sequential treatments, which enabled them to maintain effectiveness in the animal gastrointestinal tract. Finally, the MCPs were fed to the mealworms (
Tenebrio molitor
) and raccoon dogs (
Nyctereutes procyonoides
) in order to test their effectiveness, and the growth rates of both significantly improved with the MCPs feeding. This study thus demonstrated that culturing MCPs on a solid-state medium is an efficient method to affordably produce probiotic feed additives that can improve the performance of very physiologically different animals, such as the mealworm and raccoon dog, which indicates their potential for very wide applicability.
In May 2012, National Library Board (NLB) Singapore decided to implement Resource Description and Access (RDA) for NLB and targeted its implementation on April 1, 2013. This article presents NLB's ...RDA journey as it documents and highlights the library's experience in executing RDA in a seamless, systematic approach. The authors share how NLB formulated its implementation strategy and action plan, the adoption and development of the plan, as well as the discussions and milestone decisions made. Based on the Library of Congress' training materials, NLB customized and packaged its training programs to suit the specific needs of NLB staff. NLB also made local decisions needed before cataloging in RDA, communicated its decisions to a user group, and obtained feedback from them. This article also describes the challenges faced, and how NLB overcame them. As RDA is still a work in progress, NLB recognizes that more effort is required to take RDA to the next level. Finally, the authors share NLB's future plans for RDA.
Postnatal development of mammalian oocytes is accompanied by functional and structural remodeling of the nucleolar apparatus: the final stage of this process is the formation of large objects (up to ...10 μm in diameter) termed nucleolus-like bodies (NLBs) in preovulatory GV oocytes. NLB material was shown to be essential for early embryonic development, but its composition is still uncharacterized. In the present study, the protein-binding dye fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) was used to show that proteins characterized by a high local concentration are essential NLB components in mouse GV oocytes. One of these proteins was able to be identified for the first time using a mild treatment of oocytes with proteinase K; the protein identified was fibrillarin, a factor of early pre-rRNA processing. Fibrillarin is present in the inner NLB mass of all oocytes capable of synthesizing rRNA; however, it is not colocalized with BrUTP microinjected into oocytes in order to identify transcribed ribosomal genes, in contrast to the “surface” fibrillarin. These observations imply the accumulation of nucleolar proteins not involved in ribosome biogenesis inside the NLB. All NLBs present in an individual nucleus of an NSN-type GV oocyte contain fibrillarin and are associated with active ribosomal genes. The results obtained in the present work demonstrate that proteinase K treatment of GV mouse oocytes allows for: (1) identification of “cryptic” proteins inside the densely packed NLB material and (2) the enhancement of oocyte image quality during BrUTP-based identification of rRNA synthesis sites but (3) not for the detection of active ribosomal genes in the inner mass of the NLB. The fluorescent dye FITC can be recommended for assessment of intracellular protein localization in the oocytes of all mammalian species.
Within a few years the National Library Board of Singapore has gained an international reputation for library transformation and innovation, and market share for its 73 public libraries by redefining ...its market space and remaking the image of libraries and librarians. Libraries have been repositioned to gain mindshare and timeshare among Singaporeans, competing against the cinema, TV, video games and other leisure activities. They have become the Third Place after home and work for many Singaporeans.
Within a few years the National Library Board of Singapore has gained an international reputation for library transformation and innovation, and market share for its 73 public libraries by redefining ...its market space and remaking the image of libraries and librarians. Libraries have been repositioned to gain mindshare and timeshare among Singaporeans, competing against the cinema, TV, video games and other leisure activities. They have become the Third Place after home and work for many Singaporeans.
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