•Small-world network organization is more marked during slow-wave sleep.•Sleep network organization is more affected by age during REM sleep.•All EEG bands in these sleep stages present a small-world ...network organization.•These results provide a better understanding of information processing during sleep.
Sleep plays an important role in cognitive functioning. However, few studies have investigated the sleep network organization. The aim of our study was to empirically investigate the presence and the stability with age of a small-world network organization during REM and slow-wave sleep using the effective connectivity measured by the Granger causality. Polysomnographic data from 30 healthy men recruited prospectively were analysed. To obtain the 19 × 19 connectivity matrix of all possible pairwise combinations of electrodes by the Granger causality method from our EEG data, we used the Toolbox MVGC multivariate Granger causality. The computation of the network measures was realised by importing these connectivity matrices into the EEGNET Toolbox. Even if all small-world coefficients obtained are compatible with a small-world network organization during REM and slow-wave sleep, slow-wave sleep seems to have a small-world network organization more marked than REM sleep. Moreover, the sleep network organization is affected greater by age during REM sleep than during slow-wave sleep. In healthy individuals, the highlighting of a sleep network organization during slow-wave sleep more stable with age and with small-world characteristics more marked than during REM sleep may help to better understand the global and local processing of information during sleep.
In fold and thrust belts drainage organization and patterns of sedimentation depend conceptually on the ability or not for preexisting reaches to incise uplifting thrust sheets. In this study we ...investigate experimentally the dynamics of drainage network in a wedge submitted to shortening and erosion. It allows us to reproduce and to monitor the interactions between tectonics, erosion and sedimentation during the development of up to five successive thrust sheets. In the experiments channels adjust to uplift rate by both increasing their slope and narrowing their channels as it is observed in nature. The series of experiments shows that the proportion of persistent preexisting transverse channels increases with the ratio of rainfall over shortening rates. The experiments confirm the view that the competition between discharge and tectonic uplift controls along-strike variations in sediment flux in sedimentary basins by controlling the drainage organization. If the transverse channels draining a wedge are not diverted, a line-source dispersal system develops in front of the active structure. If channels are diverted in the backlimb of the frontal structure it results in point-sourced depositional systems separated by areas fed only by small channels developing in the front of the wedge. Fans accumulated in front of the active structures reveal two stages of sedimentation, one of progradation, while the frontal structure is active and a second one of valley backfilling and thrust sealing during internal deformation of the wedge. The experiments also suggest that spatial variations in rock uplift rate along a thrust front may be evidenced by minimum-discharge variations of persistent transverse channels.
•Results were obtained from experimental wedges submitted to shortening and rainfall.•Discharge and uplift control drainage and sedimentation patterns.•Channel diversions by uplifts result in point-sourced depositional systems.•Gradients of uplift along a thrust front may be evidenced by transverse channels.
Social entrepreneurship develops innovative opportunities and solutions aimed to (re)generate the common good. This emerging organizational form poses unprecedented challenges to group decision and ...negotiation studies. This article leverages conceptual tools from the literature on the commons and institutional logics as it explores the organizational conditions of social entrepreneurship that trigger commons-enabling decision-making in its organizational field. Through an inductive analysis of a longitudinal case, this study proposes a model that highlights the critical role of the bridging organization that can be introduced by the social entrepreneur in a previously fragmented organizational field. This bridging organization is in the condition to develop an innovative co-creation logic that can serve as a common ground to enable collaboration between actors from diverse and even conflicting institutional logics. The proposed model suggests that a practice-driven path to the construction of such a common ground for decision-making is more effective than a disclosure-driven path, which is based on classical conflict analysis techniques. The ICT-enabled activity system developed by the social entrepreneur injects transparency and traceability into a previously opaque field, thus creating the conditions for distributed, flexible, and complementary sense- and decision-making processes that develop and protect the commons.
Underwater acoustic cluster networks (UACNs) are commonly used due to their adaptability in dynamic underwater environments. While the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol was ...initially designed for radio frequency (RF) cluster networks, it has also been applied to UACNs. However, the LEACH protocol uses lengthy overheads per packet due to its use of global or wide-scale IDs, leading to increased communication latency and energy usage per packet. To address this issue, we propose the low-latency low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (L 3 EACH) protocol. The L 3 EACH protocol is a comprehensive framework that integrates ID assignment, time slot reservation, packet routing, and self-network organization. The protocol uses shorter overheads by assigning local IDs instead of global or wide-scale IDs. It assigns unique IDs to nodes within a cluster and reassigns the same IDs to nodes in other clusters, i.e., spatial ID reuse. The protocol also allocates IDs and time slots on demand to maximize network resources. To further enhance the protocol, we introduce the L 3 EACH-Version 2 (L 3 EACH-V2) protocol, which modulates the preamble bits to embed the IDs in the overhead rather than inserting extra bits. We also provide the computational complexity of the L 3 EACH-V2 protocol. Compared to the DIVE protocol, the L 3 EACH protocol reduces the ID length and average energy per packet by 50% and 13%, respectively. Furthermore, the L 3 EACH-V2 protocol reduces the average energy per packet by 27% and increases the network throughput by 16% compared to the L 3 EACH protocol, making it an efficient and scalable solution for UACNs.
Energy transformation significantly redefines the business models of enterprises in the energy sector, putting difficult decisions before them in terms of both strategy and operationalization. This ...shift aligns with climate protection policies, Industry 4.0 principles, and advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and IoT. The technological revolution is set to significantly alter lifestyles and business operations in energy production, supply, and distribution. This revolution demands that managers equip their companies and staff for upcoming challenges, emphasizing customer relations, networking, eco-development, and energy efficiency. In addition, companies from the energy sector are particularly susceptible to macroeconomic and environmental factors, such as government regulations, fluctuations in demand, price pressure on commodity exchanges, and measures to prevent global warming and engage in the creation of renewable energy. Furthermore, the situation related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has forced many companies to rethink their actions. However, some recorded a significant slowdown in technology implementation and research and development. We do not know whether the long-term effect will influence the energy paradigm. This work aims to create new theoretical and empirical works on changes to energy sector management, including new business models and the use of Industry 4.0 technology, and their impact on organizations, digitization, companies’ energy self-sufficiency, and investments supporting the so-called green economy.
Abstract
Agile ways of working have been applied to single organizations and corporations. But cases on agility for non-profit associations dealing with a multitude of members, geographies and their ...own boards are scarce. Can agility also be applied in a non-profit networked organizational setting in a way that creates value, rather than destroying it? The focus of this article will be on the outcomes of piloting agility with a virtual long-distance team across Europe, including benefits and pitfalls. Value should be created through virtual teams of the association: both for the benefit of members and the association itself. If there is no or little value created there, the members will be unlikely to participate in these groups, undermining the added value of the association. Currently, these teams do not all create value for the membership, and sometimes even destroy value by costing the membership time and money and not delivering relevant output.
In this pilot study, one virtual group was followed, interviews with the group members have been held and the members of the association were surveyed about the existing situation in the focal organization.
We found that an agile way of working is beneficial for a virtual team and implementing this in an ailing virtual team can give it new élan. This way, the teams can deliver value to the membership, and thus to the association, instead of the groups not functioning well leading to value destruction for the association, as members might turn away from the association for their sought added value. Further, the network organization itself partially shows traits of organizational agility, which could be improved to fully support virtual teams.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous condition associated with a high risk of progressing to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although functional brain network alterations have been observed ...in progressive MCI (pMCI), the underlying pathological mechanisms of network alterations remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated neuropsychological, imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) data at baseline across a cohort of: 21 pMCI patients, 33 stable MCI (sMCI) patients, and 29 normal controls. Fast eigenvector centrality mapping (fECM) based on resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) was used to investigate brain network organization differences among these groups, and we further assessed its relation to cognition and AD-related pathology. Our results demonstrated that pMCI had decreased eigenvector centrality (EC) in left temporal pole and parahippocampal gyrus, and increased EC in left middle frontal gyrus compared to sMCI. In addition, compared to normal controls, patients with pMCI showed decreased EC in right hippocampus and bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, and sMCI had decreased EC in right middle frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobule. Correlation analysis showed that EC in the left temporal pole was related to Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory (WMS-LM) delay score (r = 0.467, p = 0.044) and total tau (t-tau) level in CSF (r = -0.509, p = 0.026) in pMCI. Our findings implicate EC changes of different brain network nodes in the prognosis of pMCI and sMCI. Importantly, the association between decreased EC of brain network node and pathological changes may provide a deeper understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of pMCI.
Three approaches of studying innovation in services are recognized: the assimilation, demarcation and synthesis approach. The synthesis approach attempts to arrive at a theory relevant for service ...and manufacturing. Gallouj and Weinstein Gallouj, F., Weinstein, O., 1997. Innovation in services. Research Policy 26, 537–556 were one of the first to take this approach. This article contributes to the synthesis approach by revising their theory to enable reasoning about recent innovation trends in networks of organizations and in the distribution of services. The theory revision is based on several case studies. Implications for the study of innovation are discussed in terms of results from recent demarcation studies.
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