We generated an orange-colored (OC) rice callus line by targeted mutagenesis of the orange gene (
) using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The OC line accumulated more lutein,
-carotene, and two
-carotene ...isomers compared to the WT callus line. We also analyzed the expression levels of carotenoid biosynthesis genes by qRT-PCR. Among the genes encoding carotenoid metabolic pathway enzymes, the number of transcripts of the
,
,
,
and
genes were higher in the OC line than in the WT line. In contrast, transcription of the
gene was downregulated in the OC line compared to the WT line. In addition, we detected increases in the transcript levels of two genes involved in carotenoid oxidation in the OC lines. The developed OC lines also showed increased tolerance to salt stress. Collectively, these findings indicate that targeted mutagenesis of the
gene via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing results in
-carotene accumulation in rice calli. Accordingly, we believe that this type of genome-editing technology could represent an effective alternative approach for enhancing the
-carotene content of plants.
Political participation in Pakistan was expected to rise because of the enormous democratic potential of social media; nevertheless, a drop has been observed following an initial increase. This ...scenario encourages investigation of the decisive factors that might draw disengaged citizens into participatory politics. Therefore, this study illustrates the results of a Pakistani sample (n = 410) regarding the role of social media in influencing political participation in online and offline platforms. Five variables were examined using partial least squares (PLS) to see how they influenced online and offline political participation. The OSOR model of communication mediation was used for this purpose. Its implications were extended by simultaneously incorporating three outcome orientations—political expression, political efficacy, and partisanship—as mediators. In addition, we included political interest as an antecedent orientation and social media use as stimuli. Online and offline political participation were placed under response as endogenous variables. Our findings acknowledged nine direct and five indirect correlations out of ten direct and six indirect relationships. Political efficacy neither influenced offline political participation nor proved to be a mediator between social media use and offline political participation. We conclude with study implications, limitations, and recommendations for future scholars.
Background and aims - Diatom-based water quality management is increasing, and specific indicators are required for the assessment of priority substances such as metals. We tested a variety of ...features of diatom communities, in a river exhibiting a gradient of zinc contamination
(the Riera d'Osor, Spain), to determine the most relevant ones. Key results - Community composition changed over time of exposure, and with the intensity of metal contamination. Species richness was significantly lower at the most contaminated sites. Species composition was
more even under background and low exposure levels, but low metal inputs selected for varieties of Cocconeis placentula (var. placentula, euglypta and lineata). Small taxa (Eolimna minina, or Achnanthidium minutissimum and A. pyrenaicum) dominated
in the most contaminated sites, and deformed diatom cells were found abundant. Conclusions - Although species composition clearly responded to varied levels of zinc pollution, combining cell size classes or total biovolume of the community and percentages of deformities allowed
reliable assessment of the presence, and intensity, of contamination. These descriptors present the major advantage of being independent of regional taxonomic peculiarities, thus providing robust assessment irrespective of the area studied.
Contaminated soil and mine wastes in Spain’s abandoned Osor mining area contain Cd, Co, Pb, Zn, As, Ba, and Sb at levels that exceed Catalonia’s regulatory limits for soils of industrial use. Mine ...water from the Coral adit, which is the main dewatering system in the Osor area, has circumneutral pH from carbonate and silicate dissolution, and high concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Geochemical modeling showed that smithsonite and hydrozincite were possible solid phases for Zn. The Coral adit is the main source of contaminants to Osor Creek, especially Zn and SO
4
−2
.
Sažetak: Osnovni je cilj rada analiza odredbi Cresko-osorskog statuta koje se bave obiteljskim pravom, a s osobitim osvrtom na reguliranje bračnoga imovinskog prava. Iako je Statut bio predmet ...znanstvenih rasprava, dosad ipak nije dana temeljita analiza obilježja obiteljskog prava, odnosno bračno-imovinskog prava. U radu će se nastojati kauzalno istražiti podrijetlo pojedinih ustanova obiteljskog prava. Shodno tome, detaljno su raščlanjene odredbe obiteljskog prava, a koje su usporedene s odgovarajućim rješenjima drugih bliskih komuna, odnosno sjevernojadranskih otoka i drugih dalmatinskih pravnih sustava. Osim toga, u okviru navedene analize obraduje se i položaj žene u procesima koji su bili od vitalnog značaja za ženin život - poput braka, zaruka, miraza i slično. Na kraju, iz svega iznesenoga, autorica dolazi do zaključka da s obzirom na fluidno razgraničenje „dalmatinske" i „kvarnerske"pravne regije, regulacija obiteljskog i bračno-imovinskog prava Cresko-osorskog statuta odražava utjecaje niza pravnih sustava: rimskog, bizantskog, mletačkog, langobardskog i slavenskog prava, a što ukazuje na medudjelovanje različitih pravnih kultura različita intenziteta.
Regulaciji imovinsko pravnih odnosa nastalih nakon smrti ostavitelja u Creskoosorskom statutu posvećena je znatna pozornost. Broj odredaba koje ureduju nasljedno pravne odnose u sadržaju ovog izvora ...potvrduju važnost obiteljske zajednice kao i značaj obiteljske imovine unutar ove kasnosrednjovjekovne komune. U vezi s tim izvjesno je kako Cresko-osorski statut pokazuje odredene osobitosti. Izjednačenost muških i ženskih descendenata kada je riječ o neoporučnom nasljedivanju obilježava nasljedno-pravno uredenje rijetkih komuna kvarnerske regije, medu ostalim, i creske. Zbog tog je razloga, za razumijevanje nasljednog koncepta Statuta, važno utvrditi položaj žene u braku i obitelji. U razdoblju kada pod utjecajem recepcije različitih pravnih izvora, primarno mletačkih i bizantskih, većina jadranskih komuna usvaja gotovo istovjetna obilježja nasljedivanja u kojima se naslijede obiteljske imovine vezuje uz odredeni stupanj srodstva, statut normira oporučnu slobodu te slobodno raspolaganje imovinom po volji oporučitelja ili najčešće u vjerske svrhe. Kako je sustavna analiza pravnih odredaba statuta tek predmet rasprave u znanstvenim krugovima, obilježja nasljednih odnosa reguliranih odredbama ovog izvora zasigurno će doprinijeti razumijevanju pravne zbilje ove srednjovjekovne otočne komune. U ovom će se istraživanju detaljnom raščlambom pravnog izvora, kao i komparacijom partikularnih odredaba drugih bliskih komuna nastojati analizirati temeljna obilježja oporučnog i neoporučnog nasljedivanja, ali druga važna pitanja poput položaja odredenih kategorija nasljednika te pronaći ishodište zasebnoj regulaciji nasljedno-pravnih odnosa u ovoj otočnoj zajednici.
The main aim of this research is the analysis of the provisions of the Cres-Osor Statute dealing with family law, with special regard to the regulation of marital property law. Although the Statute ...has been the subject of scientific discussions, a thorough analysis of the features of family law, that is, matrimonial property law has not yet been given. The paper will try to causally investigate the origin of certain institutes of family law. Consequently, the provi- sions of family law were analysed in detail, and compared with the corresponding solutions of other nearby communes, that is, the northern Adriatic islands and other Dalmatian legal systems. In addition, within the aforementioned analysis, the paper also deals with the posi- tion of women in processes that were of vital importance for a woman’s life, such as marriage, betrothal, dowry etc. In the end, the author comes to the conclusion that with regard to the fluid demarcation of the “Dalmatian” and “Kvarner” legal regions, the regulation of family and matrimonial property law in the Cres-Osor Statute reflects the influences of several legal sys- tems: Roman, Byzantine, Venetian, Lombard and Slavic law, which indicates the interaction of different legal cultures of varying intensity.
Particular attention in this research is paid to the regulation of property relations arising after the death of the testator in the Statute of Cres-Osor. The provisions regulating inheritance ...relations among family members in the content of this source confirm the importance of the family as a community as well as the importance of family property within this late mediaeval commune. In this regard, the Statute of Cres-Osor shows specific features. The equality of male and female descendants when it comes to intestate inheritance is marked by the inheritance regulation of the rare communes of the Kvarner region, including the Cres commune. In this regard, it is important to determine the position of women in marriage and family. In a period when under the influence of the reception of different legal sources, primarily of the Venetian and Byzantine ones, most Adriatic communes adopted almost identical features of inheritance law, in which the inheritance of family property is linked to a certain degree of kinship. The Statute regulated testamentary freedom and free disposal of property according to the will of the testator or for religious purposes. As the systematic analysis of the legal provisions of the statute is merely the subject of the discussions in academic community, a detailed analysis of hereditary relationships regulated by the provisions of this source will certainly contribute to understanding of the legal reality of this mediaeval island commune. This research conducts a detailed analysis into the legal source, and compares specific provisions of other close communes in order to analyse inheritance by will and intestate inheritance regulation as well as other important issues such as the position of certain categories of heirs. Moreover, it aims at detecting the origin of a separate regulation of hereditary relations in this island community.
The study presented is interdisciplinary names: the presence of place names related with industrial, artisanal or mining activities in rural areas. The main hypothesis refers to this fact; the ...uniqueness of industrial, mining or craft in a rural area is an important reason to influence their names, a fact that gives archaeological value, remembering economic activities now disappeared. The methodology used for the study has been usually applied in onomastic studies: compilation of names from field work, oral interviews, archival work, revision of ancient documents and revision of works and studies related to the cartography of Osor. The final conclusion is that, as proposed in the hypothesis, in a rural area as the studied, the low presence of industrial, artisanal or mining activities have generated place names that have helped in keeping the memory of economic activities now disappeared
L’estudi que presentem tracta de toponímia interdisciplinar: la presència de noms de lloc de caràcter industrial, artesanal o miner en un espai rural. La hipòtesi inicial fa referència a aquest fet: l’excepcionalitat d’activitats industrials, artesanals o mineres en una zona rural és una raó prou important perquè influeixi en la seva toponímia, cosa que li dóna valor arqueològic diacrònic pel record d’activitats econòmiques desaparegudes. La metodologia seguida per a l’estudi ha estat l’aplicada en els estudis onomàstics: recull de noms a partir de treball de camp, entrevistes orals, treball d’arxiu, buidatge de documentació antiga i consulta a obres cartogràfiques i estudis referits a Osor. La conclusió final és que, com es plantejava a la hipòtesi inicial, efectivament, en un terme rural i forestal com el treballat, la poca presència d’activitats industrials, artesanals o mineres ha generat noms de lloc que han servit per mantenir el record d’aspectes econòmics avui desapareguts
El estudio que presentamos se refiere a la toponimia interdisciplinar: la presencia de nombres de lugar de carácter industrial, artesanal o minero en un espacio rural. La hipótesis inicial hace referencia a este hecho; la excepcionalidad de las actividades industriales, artesanales o mineras en una zona rural es una razón suficientemente importante para que influya en su toponimia, lo que le da valor arqueológico diacrónico por el recuerdo de actividades económicas desaparecidas. La metodología seguida para el estudio ha sido la aplicada en los estudios onomásticos: recopilación de nombres a partir de trabajo de campo, entrevistas orales, trabajo de archivo, vaciado de documentación antigua y consulta de obras cartográficas y estudios referidos a Osor. La conclusión final es que, como se planteaba en la hipótesis inicial, efectivamente, en un término rural y forestal como el trabajado, la escasa presencia de actividades industriales, artesanales o mineras ha generado nombres de lugar que han servido para mantener el recuerdo de aspectos económicos hoy desaparecidos
Ideje crkvenoga reformatorskog pokreta na istočnoj
obali Jadrana snažno su odjeknule u Osorskoj
biskupiji, što ne iznenađuje zna li se da je tamošnji
biskup sveti Gaudencije uspostavio dobre osobne
...kontakte s talijanskom reformatorskom opatijom u
Pomposi, a preko nje i sa samostanom u Clunyju. Početkom
11. stoljeća u Istri je boravio Romuald, utemeljitelj
kamaldoljana, posebnog ogranka benediktinskog
reda, koji je prije dolaska na područje Osorske
biskupije boravio u Pomposi, gdje je uspostavio
jako dobre odnose s tadašnjim opatom reformiranog
Clunyja Odilonom. Prisni prijateljski kontakti Romulda
i Odilona odrazili su se i na polju arhitekture, što je vidljivo u translaciji nekih arhitektonskih elemenata
nastalih u Pomposi na područje Osorske biskupije.
Do širenja novih umjetničkih ideja na druge dijelove
istočnoga Jadrana dolazi zahvaljujući ustrojstvu
crkvene administracije i rasprostiranju njezine jurisdikcije.
Osorska je biskupija već u prvoj polovici
11. stoljeća počela baštiniti nove arhitektonske
primjere koji su se u to doba razvijali u talijanskoj
Pomposi. Sredinom 11. stoljeća bivši osorski biskup
Lovro postaje splitskim nadbiskupom. Gotovo
u isto vrijeme kada nadbiskupsku stolicu u Splitu
preuzima Lovro, na mjesto trogirskog biskupa zasjeo
je Ivan, također iz Osora. Na taj je način došlo
do prenošenja reformističkih umjetničkih modela iz
arhitekture Osorske biskupije na dalmatinski prostor.
Ovaj rad nastoji u prvom redu razmotriti do kakvih je
promjena došlo u arhitekturi grada Splita u razdoblju
druge polovice 11. stoljeća, kada je Splitskom nadbiskupijom
upravljao Lovro. Kako je u tom razdoblju
vrlo važan bio i odnos Lovre prema tadašnjim hrvatskim
kraljevima, osobito Zvonimiru, ali i prema papi,
osobita će se pozornost posvetiti analizi Lovrine uloge
u tadašnjoj sakralnoj arhitekturi Splita.
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