: Introduction. This article reveals the research results of physical and chemical properties of the new filtering material, evaluation of its hydrophilic and oleophobic features as well as the ...efficiency of oil-in-water emulsions separation in laboratory conditions and in production. Methods and materials. As the base for creation of new filtering material a natural mixture of minerals with good prevalence of silicon earth also including some small amounts of fissile hydrous silicates (mica, clay) was chosen, which provide the durability of granulated end product at reservation of porosity and hydrophilic properties of the material surface. The research used spherical shape granules of various particle size obtained by drying, granulation and firing. Prior to filtration the granules are being impregnated with water aiming to obtain a water shell around each granule, which provides granules protection from oil and petrol products contamination as well as an easy filter cleaning by backwashing in fluidization mode. For the lab testing of oil-in-water emulsions separation parameters a test rig was built. In process a set of various tool methods of physical and chemical research was used. Results. The chemical and mineral composition of the developed filtering material and the results of its X-ray-structural analysis, photomicrography of ground substrate obtained with SEM are given as well as the porous structure data (pores size distribution and aggregate pores of granules material) obtained by the method of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. The results of laboratory and pilot testing of separating and accumulating ability of the filtering material are presented. Interpretation. The obtained data prove the fact that the developed material possesses over the prominent hydrophilic properties, while after water shell creation also over the oleophobic properties. Upon exploration of the two liquid immiscible phases separation during the filtering through the granules obtained, a significant efficiency growth of the filter after attaining the special amount of oil and petrol products retained by the filter was detected. The efficiency increase of the filter is connected with formation of a prolonged structure, which was named by the authors a “fluid net”, created by the oil and petrol products entrapped. The strings of that “fluid net” being formed in the gaps between the granules are decreasing the sizes of the passages which lets the entrapping efficiency of finer oil and petrol products droplets grow. Conclusion. The obtained nano-porous granules of the filtering material exhibit super-hydrophilic properties and based on the water shell created around them provide the following: protection of granules from contamination with oil and petrol products contained in water to be purified; effective and not decreasing over the course of time filter regeneration by means of backwashing in fluidization mode; quality of water purification from oil and petrol products at the level of the most expensive purification methods. Prospective fields of applications. The “OreFilter” technology developed has passed the pilot scale validation on the basis of more than fifty industrial objects of different industrial branches (mainly on those connected with oil production and oil refining) in Russia and abroad. The technology is now being tested on industrial objects in the Near East, Canada, US, Brazil and Australia. The industrial filtering units using “OreFilter” technology are already in operation on Russian enterprises as well as in Sweden and Germany. The experimental-industrial tests have proved the application efficiency of the technology developed: in food industry; at the detergents and soaps manufacturing plants; at mining and processing plants; at purification of ballast and bilge water at ports; at purification of polluted water after oil tankers washing; in fish farming; in seaquariums and dolphinariums
The effects of the abundance of extractive resources–mainly petroleum–have been subject of debates in economics and political science. Although in public administration the literature is limited, ...there is a consensus on the rise of the size of the state, during commodities boom periods. This study challenges this idea, by analyzing the changes in the structure of the Ecuadorian State, during Rafael Correa’s three presidential terms (2007-2017). We use the concepts of growth and decline of organizations proposed by population ecology. We conduct a qualitative analysis of the legal texts to categorize and describe the changes. Finally, we find that the executive branch did not grow more during the three years that registered the highest average annual value of the petrol barrel. Nevertheless, we cannot affirm that it decreased with the fall in prices.
The wood panel industry requires the introduction of more environmental-friendly adhesives due to the strict current regulations on formaldehyde-based emissions. The purpose of this study was to ...environmentally analyse the production of four different bio-adhesives as alternatives to the most conventional fossil resins used in the production of wood panels. The bio-adhesives proposed for analysis derived from different available renewable biopolymers such as protein (soy) and lignin (Kraft and Organosolv), as well as tannin.
The production systems were evaluated from a cradle-to-gate perspective using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology, with the aim of identifying critical parameters and comparing them with fossil substitutes. Inventory data of bio-adhesives were modelled at large scale from lab scale experiments and completed with literature reports. Our results showed that the soy-based and tannin based bio-adhesive had an overall better profile than fossil resins, identifying the production of polyacrylamide for the former, and the production of condensed tannin and glyoxal for the latter, as the main environmental hotspots. In contrast, further research is required on the use of lignins, specifically because of the electricity requirements in the lignin glyoxalation stage (a process required for the functionalization of lignin). Sensitivity analyses were conduced on these key parameters suggesting that there is room for improvement.This study provides useful information for researchers and policy-makers on where to focus their activities with the aim of making the future of bio-adhesives more technically and environmentally favourable.
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•Four different bio-adhesives have been modelled and compared from an environmental approach•Soy and tannin based bio-adhesive have an overall better profile than fossil resins•Lignin-based adhesives are less environmentally friendly•The glyoxalation step in lignin-based adhesives ranks first in terms of environmental burdens•Optimization of production systems is required to be technically and environmentally competitive
Bu çalışmada, 21/07/2014 tarihinde Diyabakır Lice’ de gerçekleşen tanker kazasının fiziksel etkilerinin modellenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kazada LPG yüklü tanker, Diyarbakır-Bingöl karayolunun 90'ıncı ...kilometresinde devrilmiş, 34 kişi hayatını kaybetmiş ve 36 kişi yaralanmıştır. Kazanın modellenmesi, hem kazanın olduğu yaz mevsimi koşullarında hem de örnek seçilen kış mevsimi koşullarında ALOHA yazılımı ve korelasyonlar kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Kaza görgü tanıklarının ifadeleri ve kaza raporlarında belirtilen mesafeler ile modelleme sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Modelleme çalışması sonucu elde edilen tüm fiziksel etki alanları, MARPLOT üzerine taşınarak kazadan etkilenen/etkilenebilecek yapılar, nüfus ortaya konulmuştur. Modelleme sonuçları ile görgü tanıklarının ifadelerindeki kaza sonuçlarının BLEVE(Kaynayan Sıvı Genleşen Buhar Patlaması) fiziksel etkisi üzerinde uyumlu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kazaya karışan tehlikeli maddenin cinsi ve miktarı ile atmosferik koşulların kaza sonuçlarına doğrudan etki ettiği gösterilmiştir. Tehlikeli maddelerin karayolu taşımacılığında yerleşim yerleri içerisinden geçişleri esnasında tüm sürüş ve trafik kurallarına azami derecede riayet edilmesi, mümkün ise güzergâhın nüfus yoğun yerleşim yerleri dışında oluşturulması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, 21/07/2014 tarihinde Diyabakır Lice’ de gerçekleşen tanker kazasının fiziksel etkilerinin modellenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kazada LPG yüklü tanker, Diyarbakır-Bingöl karayolunun 90'ıncı kilometresinde devrilmiş, 34 kişi hayatını kaybetmiş ve 36 kişi yaralanmıştır. Kazanın modellenmesi, hem kazanın olduğu yaz mevsimi koşullarında hem de örnek seçilen kış mevsimi koşullarında ALOHA yazılımı ve korelasyonlar kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Kaza görgü tanıklarının ifadeleri ve kaza raporlarında belirtilen mesafeler ile modelleme sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Modelleme çalışması sonucu elde edilen tüm fiziksel etki alanları, MARPLOT üzerine taşınarak kazadan etkilenen/etkilenebilecek yapılar, nüfus ortaya konulmuştur. Modelleme sonuçları ile görgü tanıklarının ifadelerindeki kaza sonuçlarının BLEVE(Kaynayan Sıvı Genleşen Buhar Patlaması) fiziksel etkisi üzerinde uyumlu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kazaya karışan tehlikeli maddenin cinsi ve miktarı ile atmosferik koşulların kaza sonuçlarına doğrudan etki ettiği gösterilmiştir. Tehlikeli maddelerin karayolu taşımacılığında yerleşim yerleri içerisinden geçişleri esnasında tüm sürüş ve trafik kurallarına azami derecede riayet edilmesi, mümkün ise güzergâhın nüfus yoğun yerleşim yerleri dışında oluşturulması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
With the ultimate aim of ensuring national energy security, Vietnam government issued Decree No. 83/2014/ND-CP dated September 3th, 2014 regulating petrolium and oil trading which later was amended ...by Decree No. 95/2021/ND-CP. The implementation of various decrees has significantly transformed the domestic petroleum market, enabling petrol and oil businesses to operate largely on market mechanisms under state oversight, with domestic gasoline prices flexibly and promptly adjusted in line with global trends as per government directives and legal provisions. The Ministry of Industry and Trade is presently seeking feedback on the draft Decree that proposes amendments and supplements to several articles of Decree No. 83/2014/ND-CP and Decree No. 95/2021/ND-CP. In this context, the authors concentrate on evaluating certain deficiencies in petrol trading activities highlighted in the Draft Decree, encompassing aspects like petrol and oil trading entities, retail pricing, and the petrol stabilization fund. Additionally, a comparative analysis with the regulatory frameworks of Singapore and China on these issues is conducted, aiming to offer suggestions for enhancements in Vietnam’s approach.
The properties of the fuels determine the quality of the combustion process and implicitly the performance of the turbojet engine. The optimal heterogeneous combustion process of an aviation fuel is ...ensured by a stoichiometric ratio (fuel/fuel), a combustion temperature and a maximum loading degree of the combustion chamber. The article includes a numerical analysis instrumented with Gasturb software that highlights the influence of fuel quality and combustion process characteristics of a Rolls Royce Viper turbojet engine on its performance.
In the forensic science context petrol is considered the most common fire accelerant. However, the identification and classification of petrol sources through the years has been proven to be a ...challenge in the investigation of fire related incidents. This research explored the possibility of identification and classification of petrol sources using high field NMR spectroscopy. In this study, 1H NMR profiling, using specific pulse sequences to analyse neat aliquot petrol samples of different brands collected at different times across the UK and Ireland is shown, for the first time, to provide a diagnostic ‘fingerprint’ with specific chemical compounds that can be used for identification and classification of petrol samples. This enables linkage of unknown petrol samples to a source and in addition provides a tool which allows exclusion of potential petrol sources. A new, innovative method using 1H selTOCSY is described for the individualization and classification of petrol samples through the identification of olefinic markers in the samples. Those markers were identified as (i) 3-methyl-1-butene, (ii) a mixture of 1-pentene and 3-methyl-1-butene, (iii) 2-methyl-2-butene and (iv) a mixture of cis and trans-2-pentene.
•NMR spectroscopy used for analysis of fire debris.•New innovative method using 1H selTOCSY for structural elucidation of petrol samples; reversed engineering.•Identification of unknown petrol sample to UK petrol source based on class characteristics.
Context: The organic compounds in petrol are known to adversely affect the hematopoietic system. Occupational exposure to these volatile compounds can lead to heightened oxidative stress and the ...consumption of antioxidants. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of occupational exposure to petrol on hematological parameters and markers of oxidative stress among petrol station pump attendants and roadside black market petrol vendors in a metropolitan city in Nigeria. Settings and Design: This is a comparative cross-sectional study that assessed the effects of occupational petrol exposure on hematological parameters, antioxidant vitamins (C and E), and oxidative stress marker – malondialdehyde (MDA) – of petrol station pump attendants and roadside black-market petrol vendors aged ≥18 years in Kano metropolis. Materials and Methods: Forty (40) participants were recruited from each of the three groups ( n = 120). Healthy blood donors were recruited as a control group. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte count, and biochemical assays for vitamins C and E and MDA were performed using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using R Studio v4.3.0. Mean values of laboratory parameters were compared between the three groups using analysis of variance, with Tunkey-HSD post-hoc analyses. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was significantly lower hematocrit ( P = 0.0173) and higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC, P value = 0.0206) in occupationally exposed individuals ( n = 80) compared to healthy controls. When compared by the duration of exposure (<2 yrs vs ≥2 yrs), only the mean granulocyte count was significantly different ( P value = 0.009) in the two groups. Exposed individuals have significantly higher MDA ( P value = 0.000) and lower vitamin C levels ( P value = 0.031), with higher Vitamin E levels ( P value = 0.015). Conclusion: Prolonged unprotected occupational exposure to petrol has adverse effects on the human hematopoietic system, possibly through oxidative stress and proinflammatory mechanisms.
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