Population Aging Cotlear, Daniel
2011, 2010, 12-13-2010, 20110101
eBook, Book
Open access
Latin America and the Caribbean will soon face the challenges of an aging population. This process, which took over a century in the rich world, will occur in two or three decades in the developing ...world; seven of the 25 countries that will age more rapidly are in LAC. Population aging will pose challenges and offer opportunities. This book explores three sets of issues. First is a group of issues related to the support of the aging and poverty in the life cycle. This covers questions of work and retirement, income and wealth, and living arrangements and intergenerational transfers. It also explores the relation between the life cycle and poverty. Second is the question of the health transition. How does the demographic transition impact the health status of the population and the demand for health care? And how advanced is the health transition in LAC? Third is an understanding of the fiscal pressures that are likely to accompany population aging and to disentangle the role of demography from the role of policy in that process. This book provides an introduction to the concepts and techniques at the intersection of demography and economics. It summarizes the policy debate about potential reforms needed to make population aging an opportunity for development.
Population aging will affect the performance of pension funds and financial markets in the former transition economies and require determined policy actions to complete financial market development ...and to promote financial literacy through education.
Fertility and mortality decline are major drivers of Iran’s population aging. A rapid and sharp fall in fertility rates over the past three decades as well as a substantial rise in life expectancy ...are causing rapid aging of Iran’s population. The present paper uses the 2015 United Nations Population Division data to discuss the trends, determinants and the implications of population aging in Iran. According to the medium fertility variant, people age 60 and older will represent 31% (almost 29 million people) of Iran’s population by 2050. The population age 65 and older is projected to be 22% (more than 20 million) and that of aged 80 and older 3.8% (around 3.5 million) in 2050, that are almost four-times higher than the corresponding figures in 2015. Data on the speed of population aging show that Iran is the second fastest aging country in the world in terms of the percentage point increase in the population age 60 and over between 2015 and 2050; Iran is second only to South Korea, by less than .01%. The rapid population aging of Iran has significant implications for all societal institutions and decision makers that have to be addressed by the Iranian society. Gender-related issues and socio-economic security in old age are two key issues resulting from such a fast population aging. As with many rapidly aging populations, Iran needs a strategy for social and economic supports for an aging population that will not promote views of aging people as a burden.
The aging of the population of the United States is occurring at a time of major economic and social changes. These economic changes include consideration of increases in the age of eligibility for ...Social Security and Medicare and possible changes in benefit levels. Furthermore, changes in the social context in which older individuals and families function may well affect the nature of key social relationships and institutions that define the environment for older persons. Sociology offers a knowledge base, a number of useful analytic approaches and tools, and unique theoretical perspectives that can facilitate understanding of these demographic, economic, and social changes and, to the extent possible, their causes, consequences and implications.
New Directions in the Sociology of Aging evaluates the recent contributions of social demography, social epidemiology and sociology to the study of aging and identifies promising new research directions in these sub-fields. Included in this study are nine papers prepared by experts in sociology, demography, social genomics, public health, and other fields, that highlight the broad array of tools and perspectives that can provide the basis for further advancing the understanding of aging processes in ways that can inform policy. This report discusses the role of sociology in what is a wide-ranging and diverse field of study; a proposed three-dimensional conceptual model for studying social processes in aging over the life cycle; a review of existing databases, data needs and opportunities, primarily in the area of measurement of interhousehold and intergenerational transmission of resources, biomarkers and biosocial interactions; and a summary of roadblocks and bridges to transdisciplinary research that will affect the future directions of the field of sociology of aging.
This study examines the impact of population aging on labor investment efficiency in Chinese listed firms from 2009 to 2020. Our main findings reveal that aging can positively influence labor ...investment efficiency, particularly in firms with labor redundancies such as state-owned enterprises, those with labor unions, high labor costs, and financial constraints. The positive effect is lessened in regions with abundant human capital, within the manufacturing sector, and labor-intensive industries. The results show that improvements in labor efficiency are distinct from changes in capital investment efficiency, indicating no general rebalancing of resources due to demographic shifts. Firms with limited investment opportunities and under strict external monitoring benefit more from an aging workforce. Overall, our findings suggest that an aging population can offer opportunities for firms to enhance labor investment efficiency, challenging the conventional view of population aging as solely a threat.
•There is a positive effect of population aging on labor investment efficiency.•This effect is stronger in state-owned enterprises and companies with labor unions and higher hiring costs.•There are two underlying mechanisms involved, ie, a firm's reduced labor redundancy and optimized decisions on employment.
Population ageing is an increasingly severe global issue. And this has been posing challenges for public health policies and medical resource allocation There are various features of population ...ageing in different regions worldwide.
All data were obtained from the health data of World Bank Open Data. Quantile linear regression was used to subtly measure the common variation tendency and strength of the global ageing rate and ageing population. The Bayesian space-time hierarchy model (BSTHM) was employed to assess the detailed spatial temporal evolution of ageing rate and ageing population in global 195 countries and regions.
Annual growth of the ageing (65 and above) rate occurred on six continents: Europe (0.1532%), Oceania (0.0873%), Asia (0.0834%), South America (0.0723%), North America (0.0673%) and Africa (0.0069%). The coefficient of variation of the global ageing rate increased from 0.54 in 1960 to 0.69 in 2017. The global ageing rate and ageing population increased over this period, correlating positively with their quantiles. Most countries (37/39) in Europe belong to the top level with regard to the ageing rate, including the countries with the greatest degree of ageing-Sweden, Germany, Austria, Belgium and the UK-whose spatial relative risks of ageing are 3.180 (3.113-3.214), 3.071 (3.018-3.122), 2.951 (2.903-3.001), 2.932 (2.880-2.984) and 2.917 (2.869-2.967), respectively. Worldwide, 44 low ageing areas which were distributed mainly in Africa (26 areas) and Asia (15 areas) experienced a decreasing trend of ageing rates. The local trends of ageing population in the 195 areas increased.
The differentiation of global population ageing is becoming increasingly serious. Globally, all 195 areas showed an increasing local ageing trend in absolute terms, although there were 44 low-ageing areas that experienced a decreasing local trend of ageing rate. The statistical results may provide some baseline reference for developing public health policies in various countries or regions, especially in less-developed areas.
Both economic globalization and population aging have given rise to changes in environmental quality, but the research that integrates these two crucial factors into the same environment policy ...framework is still a blank. Therefore, using panel data of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) over the period 1971–2016, this study examines the long-term impact of economic globalization and population aging on CO2 emissions. First, second-generation panel regression approaches are employed to verify the panel data, including unit root tests, cointegration tests and causality tests. Next, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) are respectively used for empirical analysis of the long-term impact between variables. The augmented mean group (AMG) is also applied to ascertain the robustness results of the estimation coefficients. Finally, using Dumitrescu and Hurlin non-causality test to examine the causal associations between variables to avoid the contingency of the results. The overall results show that economic globalization and population aging decrease the long-term CO2 emissions. The inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution confirms the effectiveness of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in OECD countries. In addition, unidirectional causal relationships have been found from economic globalization and population aging to CO2 emissions in this study. Policy suggestions in response to these findings are discussed.
Display omitted
•The effects of economic globalization and aging on CO2 emissions are explored.•Economic globalization and aging improve environmental quality.•Causal relationships between the variables of interest are verified.•Policy suggestions for promoting sustainable goals and mitigating climate change
PDF
