Restoration censorship forced European Romantic literature to retreat from society and politics into subjective intimacy, fantasy, mythology, history, and exotic places. In addition to conforming to ...restrictions, however, censorship also led writers to evade its control (pseudonyms, publication abroad, allusive style) and, more rarely, to overt or covert rebellion (petitions, satire, etc.). An example of this is the German sonnets written by the Slovenian romanticist France Prešeren in the mid-1830s as a poetic response to the public controversy over the cultural strategies of national revival (the so-called Slovenian ABC war) and the behind-the-scenes struggles over the censorship of the poetry almanac
Krajnska čbelica
(Carniolan Bee). With their illocutionary force, Prešeren’s sonnets are directed against prominent collaborators of censorship and the centers of ecclesiastical and secular power that wanted to keep the embrionic Slovenian literary field under their control. These poems move between satirical irony and sentiment, between the fictional suspension of dominant positions in the field and the search for sympathy for the depressing lack of consecration. The satire against the censors of his elegy dedicated to Matija Čop stands out with its acrostic and the affect of rage.
V članku se osredotočamo na vlogo jezika pri ohranjanju etnične identitete med slovenskimi priseljenci prve, druge in tretje generacije v Severni Makedoniji. Poskušali smo ugotoviti, na kakšen način ...zaznavajo svojo etnično identiteto v povezavi z jezikom in kako se odnos do slovenskega jezika odraža v dejanski rabi. Metodološko tekst temelji na analizi in interpretaciji anketne raziskave in polstrukturiranih intervjujev s predstavniki vseh treh generacij pripadnikov slovenske skupnosti v Severni Makedoniji. Pri raziskovanju smo izhajali iz predpostavke, da se vloga jezika med pripadniki prve generacije bistveno razlikuje od njegove vloge med pripadniki druge in tretje generacije ter da je jezik ključni dejavnik pri ohranjanju slovenske skupnosti v Severni Makedoniji. Podatki raziskave so potrdili tezo, da ima slovenski jezik večji pomen pri ohranjanju etnične identitete med slovenskimi priseljenci prve generacije kot med slovenskimi priseljenci druge in tretje generacije. Teza, da je jezik ključnega pomena pri združevanju in ohranjanju slovenske skupnosti, pa se je izkazala za nepotrjeno.
Poetic self-reflection in poetry presents reflections on questions related to poetic art, occurring within the poetic discourse. Poetry responds to poetological questions parallel with theoretical ...discourse. The concept of poetic self-reflection is synonymous with the term metapoetry and, with respect to the elements of literary communication, consists of four basic thematic fields, which experience extensions and specifications in their literary realizations. These are the poet, the work of poetry or poetic art, the reception of poetry, and the context. Poetic self-reflection has been significantly present in poems from antiquity on, and has become a particularly important element in modern 20th-century poetry. In the 20th century, theoretical discourse, the question of the author, the author’s subjectivity and autonomy have received special attention. Breakthrough considerations largely happened in relation to the Romantic concept of autonomous divinely inspired genius. Accordingly, this doctoral thesis focuses on the question of the author or poet, as one among the central thematic fields of poetic self-reflection or metapoetry.The thesis first defines the concept of poetic self-reflection. Taking into account theoretical studies carried out to date, it considers the limitations of the concept, the form, the strategy and the functions of poetic self-reflection. An overview of the formation of the concept of the author follows, with an emphasis on the formation of the Romantic notion of genius, and breakthroughs that happened to it in the 20th century. Theoretical definitions serve as the basis for the interpretative analysis of contemporary Slovenian poetry after the Second World War. Case studies are presented regarding poetic self-reflection as it was realized in the poetry of eight female and male poets: Kajetan Kovič, Dane Zajc, Tomaž Šalamun, Niko Grafenauer, Milan Jesih, Taja Kramberger, Barbara Korun, and Primož Čučnik. As the thesis seeks to show changes in the semantic-aesthetic effect of poetic self-reflection strategies, the research includes poets of different poetic generations and literary-aesthetic movements. The selection is based on their representativeness and the inclusion of poetic self-reflection in the poems. Moreover, the thesis articulately analyses these poets’ metadiscourse, which presents the comparative framework.The analysis shows that poetic self-reflection in contemporary Slovenian poetry takes place both at the level of thematization and the level of other strategies (autoreference to the poem and poetic subject, implicit strategies, etc.). Various strategies most often appear in combinations with one another. The performative ability of poetry to simultaneously perform what it puts into words appears as an essential characteristic. Through a diachronic view of case studies of the poetry of various poets it becomes evident that through poetic self-reflection in poetry, certain common thematic points are maintained (poetological metaphors). At the same time it is evident that comparable strategies of poetic self-reflection trigger different aesthetic and meaningful effects in reference to spiritual-aesthetic context. Through the poetic self-reflection in contemporary Slovenian poetry, the consolidation of aesthetic currents and a reconsideration of the attitude towards literary tradition thus takes place, together with the poet’s self-positioning in the literary context and society, a reflection on language and poetic discourse, disillusion of a poem, etc. Among the thematic areas of poetic self-reflection, the poetic self-reflection of the authorial role proves to be crucial. Allusions to the Romantic concept of the poet can be observed in all poets included in the study. Moreover, the poetry of poets who started writing poems after 1990 is notable for their autoreferential strategies, which have the effect of distancing from the conventional conceptions.This doctoral thesis brings a theoretical definition of the concept of poetic self-reflection and presents the ways in which it is realized in the poetry of contemporary Slovenian poets, as well as the effects of metapoetic consciousness as it is established. Poetic self-reflection represents an important element in modern poetic discourse, which in Slovenian contemporary poetry acquires special meaning, since poetic discourse is becoming increasingly marginalized in society. At the level of content, the analysis of poetic self-reflection contributes to theoretical considerations on poetry, at the same time indicating its specific power in wording and illustrating poetic concepts. It proves to be productive in considering the authorial role: on the one hand of the poet’s social role, on the other hand in replaying various levels of the poet in reference to the text.
The Resolution for a National Language Policy Programme 2014-2018 was adopted by the Slovene parliament in the summer of 2013, and was intended to set a common agenda in the area of state language ...policy. In this thesis, I investigate its trajectory from inception to (attempted) implementation. My study analyses policymaking practices during a time of political, social and economic instability in Slovenia, and investigates how the roles of various actors involved with the policy changed along with the political landscape. It focusses particularly on the traditional role of linguists as authorities on language in Slovenia. To analyse these processes, I develop a comprehensive theoretical framework for language policy analysis, drawing on social field theory, social action theory, state theory, interpretive policy analysis, critical discourse studies, and critical sociolinguistics. The framework analyses policy as a set of practices which occur across different social spaces, such as fields and nexuses of practice. It also takes into account the changeability of such spaces, particularly how transformations in the broader socio-political context open and close opportunities for agency. The thesis includes four case studies, each exploring a different aspect of the policy process, consisting of the media discourse about language policy in Slovenia, the drafting of the policy text, a parliamentary committee meeting about it, and its implementation. The studies draw on a broad data-set comprised of media texts, documentary data, correspondence, interview data and observation data. For my analysis, I combine the discourse historical approach in critical discourse analysis with mediated discourse analysis to develop a methodology which enables analysis of discourse from the perspective of text as well as social action. My analysis of the public discourse surrounding language policy in Slovenia finds an ongoing ideological debate between two groups of linguists. I find that members of both groups were successful in inserting their own ideology in the policy text, but that opportunities to do so occurred at different times. I find that linguists voicing the established language ideology were particularly successful in using their symbolic capital to exert influence on policymaking across different sites.
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