The dietary energy level can affect ruminal microbiota, and further can affect rumen fermentation and fatty acid (FA) synthesis. In this study, we investigated the correlations between rumen bacteria ...and rumen fermentation parameters and intramuscular fat (IMF) FA profiles of Holstein bulls fed different energy diets via using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography. The results showed that the improved dietary energy increased propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate concentrations, and decreased acetate concentration and the acetate/propionate ratio. Increased dietary energy improved beef IMF content and had no effects on cooking loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force, water holding capacity, or drip loss. Increase dietary energy also decreased C18:0, C18:1
trans
, C22:0, C20:3n-3, C22:6n-3, and saturated fatty acids, and increased C18:1
cis
-9, C18:2n-6
trans
, and monounsaturated fatty acids. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that dietary energy had no impact on alpha diversity or the relative abundance of most of the major phyla and genera in rumen. In all dietary treatment groups, the dominant microbial phyla were
Bacteroidetes
(54.91%) and
Firmicutes
(33.60%), and the major microbial genus was
Prevotella_1
(21.75%). Improved dietary energy decreased the abundances of
Firmicutes
and
Tenericutes
and increased that of
Proteobacteria
at the phylum level, while decreasing those of
RC9_gut_group
, and increased
Prevotellaceae_UCG-004
,
Phocaeicola
,
Acetitomaculum
,
Lachnoclostridium_1
,
Prevotellaceae_UCG-003
, and
Anaerovibrio
at the genus level. Spearman correlation analysis showed high correlations between rumen bacteria and fermentation parameters/IMF FA profiles. Collectively, our data indicated that dietary energy affects the ruminal microbiota, and further affects ruminal fermentation and IMF FA composition.
Imbalance of gut microbiota can induce or aggravate intestinal inflammation. To enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we ...studied the role of repulsive guidance molecule b (RGMb) in gut microbiota and colitis in mice. We generated Rgmb knockout mice and inducible Rgmb knockout mice and induced colitis using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in these mice. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) high-throughput sequencing was performed to acquire the gut microbiota composition and abundance. We found that Rgmb deficiency significantly altered the diversity of gut microbiota and also induced dysbiosis. In sharp contrast to the balanced distribution of various bacteria in control mice,
was almost exhausted in Rgmb-deficient mice under both basal and inflammatory conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that
was negatively associated with inflammation in Rgmb-deficient mice with colitis. Similar results were obtained at the early inflammatory stage of colitis associated colon cancer (CAC). Taken together, our results reveal that Rgmb deficiency leads to dysbiosis of predominant gut microbiota under basal and inflammatory conditions. Rgmb-deficiency-mediated
loss may render mice more susceptible to intestinal inflammation. Therefore, RGMb may be a novel potential target for reconstruction of the gut microbiota for the treatment of IBD.
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Berberine (BBR) is a non-prescription drug to treat various bacteria-associated diarrheas. However, BBR has also been reported to cause diarrhea in clinic, with underlying mechanisms ...poorly understood. Because altered gut microbial ecology is a potential basis for diarrhea, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of BBR on gut microbiota of treatment-emergent diarrhea. BBR treatment (200 mg/kg, i.g.) in normal rats exhibited no significant changes in serum biochemical parameters but mild diarrhea occurred, accompanied with the decreased gastrointestinal transit time and increased fecal moisture, suggestive of the local effects of BBR in the intestine. Colon histology revealed the decreased abundance of mucus-filled goblet cells in BBR group. Although BBR-treated rats had the enlarged cecum with watery caecal digesta, short-chain fatty acids concentration was significantly lower than control group. Additionally, BBR caused gut microbiota dysbiosis by evaluating the decreased observed species number and Shannon index. BBR increased the relative abundances of families Porphyromonadaceae and Prevotellaceae as well as genera Parabacteroides, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed family Prevotellaceae and genus Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 as the most prominent drivers of the BBR treatment-emergent diarrhea, correlating positively with fecal moisture but negatively with gastrointestinal transit time. This study therefore demonstrated that the treatment-emergent mild diarrhea of BBR was most likely due to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota.
This study evaluated the effect of replacement of corn and soybean meal with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in lespedeza or alfalfa-based diets on the ruminal microbiome of growing meat ...goats. A total of 36 meat goats with average body weight (BW) of 24 ± 1.8 kg were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to four isonitrogenous (18.0) and isocaloric (3.2 Mcal/ kg DM) diets in a completely randomized design for 60 days. The treatment diets were: (1) alfalfa-based diet (ALC; containing 40.5% alfalfa, 26% corn and 13% SBM), (2) alfalfa and DDGS (ALD; replacement of corn and SBM with DDGS), (3) Sericea lespedeza (SL)- based diet (SLC; containing 47.25% SL, 20% corn, 13% SBM), (4) SL and DDGS (SLD; replacement of corn and SBM with DDGS). At the end of the experiment, the goats were slaughtered and rumen contents were immediately sampled for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) were used to detect differentially abundant taxa among treatments. The relative abundance of 11 taxa, including Ruminococcaceae UCG 002, Succinivibrionaceae UCG 002 and Prevotellaceae YAB2003 were reduced (LDA > 2; P < 0.05) while 62 taxa, including Ruminococcaceae UCG 013, Ruminococcaceae UCG 001, and Saccharofermentans were enriched (LDA > 2; P < 0.05) in ALD compared to ALC. Relative abundance of 35 taxa, including Ruminococcus YE281, Succinivibrio, and Lachnospiraceae ND3007 were reduced while 42 taxa, including Prevotellaceae UCG 003 and Ruminococcus were enriched (LDA > 2; P < 0.05) in SLD, compared to SLC. A total of 68, 35, 61, and 91 taxa were respectively detected ALC, SLC, SLD, and ALD, but not in other treatments. These results showed that inclusion of DDGS in lespedeza or alfalfa-based diet causes a shift in ruminal microbial community and is associated with a unique ruminal microbial community
In this study, we investigated the characteristics of gut microbiome in the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) patients, and how they correlate with metabolic and inflammatory profiles. A total of 120 ...obese people without metabolic comorbidities were recruited, and their clinical phenotypes, metabolic and inflammatory parameters were analysed. The faecal microbial markers originating from bacterial cell and extracellular vesicle (EV) were profiled using 16S rDNA sequencing. The total study population could be classified into two distinct enterotypes (enterotype I: Prevotellaceae-predominant, enterotype II: Akkermansia/Bacteroides-predominant), based on their stool EV-derived microbiome profile. When comparing the metabolic and inflammatory profiles, subjects in enterotype I had higher levels of serum IL-1β false discovery rate (FDR) q = 0.050 and had a lower level of microbial diversity than enterotype II (Wilcoxon rank-sum test p < 0.01). Subjects in enterotype I had relatively higher abundance of Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceae and Prevotella-derived EVs, and lower abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Akkermansia and Bacteroides-derived EVs (FDR q < 0.05). In conclusion, HMO patients can be categorised into two distinct enterotypes by the faecal EV-derived microbiome profile. The enterotyping may be associated with different metabolic and inflammatory profiles. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the long-term prognostic impact of EV-derived microbiome in the obese population.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clostridium butyricum addition to diets in late gestation and lactation on the reproductive performance and gut microbiota for sows. A total of ...180 healthy Landrace × Yorkshire sows at 90 d of gestation were randomly assigned to one of four groups, with 45 replicates per group, receiving a basal commercial diet (Control, 0% C. butyricum) or diet added with 0.1% C. butyricum (1 × 108 CFU/kg of feed), 0.2% C. butyricum (2 × 108 CFU/kg of feed), 0.4% C. butyricum (4 × 108 CFU/kg of feed), respectively. The experiment was conducted from 90 d of gestation to weaning at 21 d of lactation. The results showed that the interval between piglet born was linearly (P < 0.05) decreased, and the duration of farrowing was significantly (quadratic, P < 0.05) shortened as C. butyricum addition increased. There was a linear (P < 0.05) increase in litter weight at weaning and litter weight gain. The concentrations of IgG and IgM in colostrum, and IgM in milk were linearly increased (P < 0.05) as C. butyricum addition. Serum MDA concentrations of sows at parturition and 14 d in lactation, and piglets at 14 and 21 d of age were linearly (P < 0.05) decreased, respectively. The serum total antioxidant capacity concentrations of sows at parturition and 14 and 21 d in lactation, and piglets at 14 and 21 d of age were linearly (P < 0.05) increased as C. butyricum addition, respectively. There was a linear decrease in the serum endotoxin concentration of sows on 21 d in lactation (P < 0.05). The serum cortisol concentrations of piglets at 14 and 21 d of age were both significantly (quadratic, P < 0.05) decreased. The 0.2% C. butyricum increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (P = 0.016) at phylum level, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Prevotella_1, Prevotellaceae_ UCG-003, Prevotella_9, Alloprevotella (P < 0.05) at genus level, and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria (P < 0.001) at phylum level, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Streptococcus, Escheruchia-Shigella, Sphingomonas, Succinivibrio (P < 0.05) at genus level and Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes ratio (P = 0.020). In conclusion, the present research indicated that dietary addition with C. butyricum could shorten the duration of farrowing and enhance the growth performance of suckling piglets. Moreover, 0.2% C. butyricum administration to sows changed the composition of intestinal microbiota, especially increased the relative abundance of Prevotella.
Certain gut bacterial families, including Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae and Prevotellaceae, are increased in people suffering from spondyloarthropathy (SpA), a disease group associated with
...signalling variants. To understand the relationship between host interleukin (IL)-23 signalling and gut bacterial dysbiosis in SpA, we inhibited IL-23 in dysbiotic ZAP-70-mutant SKG mice that develop IL-23-dependent SpA-like arthritis, psoriasis-like skin inflammation and Crohn's-like ileitis in response to microbial beta 1,3-glucan (curdlan).
We treated SKG mice weekly with anti-IL-23 or isotype mAb for 3 weeks, rested them for 3 weeks, then administered curdlan or saline. We collected faecal samples longitudinally, assessed arthritis, spondylitis, psoriasis and ileitis histologically, and analysed the microbiota community profiles using next-generation sequencing. We used multivariate sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis to identify operational taxonomic unit (OTU) signatures best classifying treatment groups and linear regression to develop a predictive model of disease severity.
IL-23p19 inhibition in naïve SKG mice decreased Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae and Prevotellaceae. Abundance of Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae families concomitantly increased, and curdlan-mediated SpA development decreased. Abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Porphyromonadaceae family and reduction in Lachnospiraceae
genus OTUs early in disease course were associated with disease severity in affected tissues.
Dysbiosis in SKG mice reflects human SpA and is IL-23p19 dependent. In genetically susceptible hosts, IL-23p19 favours outgrowth of SpA-associated pathobionts and reduces support for homeostatic-inducing microbiota. The relative abundance of specific pathobionts is associated with disease severity.
Purpose
Mounting evidence suggests a possible link between gut microbiome and oral cancer, pointing to some potential modifiable targets for disease prevention. In the present study, Mendelian ...randomization (MR) was used to explore whether there was a causal link between gut microbiome and oral cancer.
Methods
The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with gut microbiome were served as instrumental variables. MR analyses were performed using genetic approaches such as inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR Egger and weighted median, with IVW as the primary approach, supplemented by MR Egger and weighted median. Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) and MR-Egger regression were used to detect the presence of horizontal pleiotropy and identify outlier SNPs.
Results
Causal effect estimates indicated that genetically predicted abundance of
Prevotellaceae
was associated with higher risk of oral cancer (odds ratio (OR) 1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–2.81,
p
= 0.009). There was no evidence of notable heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy.
Conclusion
Genetically derived estimates suggest that
Prevotellaceae
may be associated with the risk of oral cancer. Such robust evidence should be given priority in future studies and explore the underlying mechanisms.
Evidence has proven that the gut microbiota is an important environmental factor contributing to obesity by altering host energy harvest and storage. We performed a high-throughput 16S rDNA ...sequencing association study and serum metabolomics profiling in rats with a high-sugar diet. Our studies revealed that the high sugar diet reduced the diversity of cecal microorganisms, while the combination of theabrownin and the high sugar diet increased the diversity of cecal microorganisms and promoted reproduction of Alloprevotella, Coprostanoligenes_group, Bacteroides, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Desulfovibrio, Intestinimonas, Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 and Staphylococcus. The combination also inhibited the growth of Lactobacillus, Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group and Tyzzerella. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio can be significantly reduced after the intervention of theabrownin in high sugar diet rats, and the reproduction of Bacteroides acidifaciens (BA) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus can be promoted. We found that the obesity-associated gut microbial species were linked to the changes in circulating metabolites. Serum levels of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, 1H-indole-3-acetic acid, 3-indole acrylic acid and melatonin were negatively correlated with BA and Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus, but positively correlated with Lactobacillus murinus, Leptum and Gut_metagenome. 2-Hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-carboxylic acid, l-homoserine, and 1,7-dimethylxanthine were positively correlated with BA and Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus, but negatively correlated with Lactobacillus murinus, Leptum, and Gut_metagenome. In a high sugar diet mode, theabrownin reduced the body weight and triglycerides and improved insulin resistance mainly by targeting the reproduction of intestinal microorganisms such as BA, Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus, Lactobacillus murinus, Leptum, Gut_metagenome and so on. A strong correlation between cecal microorganisms and serum metabolites, obesity and insulin resistance was observed. Theabrownin has high potential in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
Weaning stress of piglets causes a huge economic loss to the pig industry. Balance and stability of the intestinal microenvironment is an effective way to reduce the occurance of stress during the ...weaning process. Clostridium butyricum, as a new microecological preparation, is resistant to high temperature, acid, bile salts and some antibiotics. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of C. butyricum on the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites in weaned piglets.
There was no statistical significance in the growth performance and the incidence of diarrhoea among the weaned piglets treated with C. butyricum during 0-21 days experimental period. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao index of the CB group were found to be significantly increased compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Tenericutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the weaned piglets. A marked increase in the relative abundance of Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, along with a decreased relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 was observed in the CB group, when compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). With the addition of C. butyricum, a total of twenty-two significantly altered metabolites were obtained in the feces of piglets. The integrated pathway analysis by MetaboAnalyst indicated that arginine and proline metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism were the main three altered pathways, based on the topology. Furthermore, Spearman's analysis revealed some altered gut microbiota genus such as Oscillospira, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Prevotella_2, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 were associated with the alterations in the fecal metabolites (P < 0.05), indicating that C. butyricum presented a potential protective impact through gut microbiota. The intestinal metabolites changed by C. butyricum mainly involved the variation of citrulline, dicarboxylic acids, branched-chain amino acid and tryptophan metabolic pathways.
Overall, this study strengthens the idea that the dietary C. butyricum treatment can significantly alter the intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles of the weaned piglets, and C. butyricum can offer potential benefits for the gut health.
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