Abstract
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of a bacterial 6-phytase (Buttiauxella spp.) supplemented beyond traditional dose levels based on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, apparent ...ileal digestibility (AID), intestinal health and bone parameters, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Seventy-two weaned pigs (36 barrows and 36 gilts at 21 d of age with 5.8 ± 0.5 kg BW) were allotted to six treatments based on randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks and fed in three dietary phases (phase 1 for 14 d, phase 2 for 10 d, and phase 3 for 14 d). The treatments included a negative control (NC) diet without phytase formulated meeting nutrient requirements by NRC and the other five treatments were deficient in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) by 0.12% with increasing levels of a bacterial 6-phytase (0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 FTU/kg feed). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to phase 3 diets as an indigestible marker to measure AID of nutrients. On day 45, all pigs were euthanized to collect ileal digesta to measure AID, the third metacarpus to measure bone parameters, and jejunal mucosa to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure for polynomial contrasts and the NLMIXED procedure for broken line analysis using the SAS 9.4. Broken line analysis demonstrated that 948 FTU/kg feed increased (P < 0.05) the ADG and the bone P content. Increasing phytase supplementation increased (linear, P < 0.05) AID of CP, bone P, and ash content. Increasing phytase supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the fecal score during phases 2 and 3. Broken line analysis demonstrated that 1,889 FTU/kg feed increased (P < 0.05) bone breaking strength. Increasing phytase supplementation (PC vs. Phy) increased (P < 0.05) AID of ether extract (EE) and P. The supplementation of phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg feed tended (P = 0.087) to reduce the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae. In conclusion, the supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase beyond traditional dose levels improved bone breaking strength, bone ash, and P content, AID of CP, EE, and P, and growth performance of nursery pigs with reduced relative abundance of Bacteroidetes specifically Prevotellaceae in the jejunal mucosa. Supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase between 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg feed provided benefits associated with growth performance and bone parameters of nursery pigs.
Dietary supplementation of a bacterial 6-phytase between 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg feed provided benefits associated with changes in intestinal microbiota, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, bone parameters, and growth performance of nursery pigs.
Lay Summary
After weaning, pigs start to receive solid diets throughout nursery phase with high amounts of plant-based feedstuffs containing various antinutritional and allergenic compounds. Feed enzymes have been used in nursery diets to reduce or remove the negative impacts associated with these compounds. This study used the phytase at normal and beyond traditional doses, which specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of phytic acid and can provide benefits on bone and intestinal health, intestinal microbiota, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of pigs. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a bacterial 6-phytase beyond traditional dose levels on intestinal microbiota, nutrient digestibility, bone parameters and intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Phytase supplementation improved bone breaking strength and mineralization, apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, and phosphorus, average daily gain, feed intake, and reduced relative abundance of Bacteroidetes specifically Prevotellaceae in the jejunal mucosa.
Background & Aims
Gut microbiota are affected by diet and ethnicity, which impacts cognition and hospitalizations in cirrhosis. Aim: Study interactions of diet with microbiota and impact on ...hospitalizations and cognition in American and Mexican cohorts.
Methods
Controls and age‐balanced patients with compensated/decompensated cirrhosis were included and followed for 90‐day hospitalizations. A subset underwent minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) testing. Parameters such as dietary, salivary and faecal microbiota (diversity, taxa analysis, cirrhosis dysbiosis ratio CDR:high = good) between/within countries were analysed. Regression analyses for hospitalizations and MHE were performed.
Results
In all, 275 age‐balanced subjects (133 US 40 Control, 50 Compensated, 43 Decompensated and 142 Mexican 41 Control, 49 Compensated, 52 Decompensated) were enrolled. MELD/cirrhosis severity was comparable. Diet showed lower protein and animal fat intake in all decompensated patients, but this was worse in Mexico. Diversity was lower in stool and saliva in decompensated patients, and worse in Mexican cohorts. Prevotellaceae were lower in decompensated cirrhosis, particularly those with lower animal fat/protein consumption across countries. Hospitalizations were higher in Mexico vs the USA (26% vs 14%, P = .04). On regression, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae lowered hospitalization risk independent of MELD and ascites. MHE testing was performed in 120 (60/country and 20/subgroup) subjects and MHE rate was similar. MELD and decompensation increased while CDR and Prevotellaceae decreased the risk of MHE.
Conclusions
Changes in diet and microbiota, especially related to animal fat and protein intake and Prevotellaceae, are associated with MHE and hospitalizations in Mexican patients with cirrhosis compared to an American cohort. Nutritional counselling to increase protein intake in cirrhosis could help prevent these hospitalizations.
To explore the effect of ultra‐strong static magnetic field on gut microbiota, 16 T static magnetic field was used to study the changes in the structure and composition of human and mouse gut ...microbiota in this environment. In the mouse gut microbiota, at the genus level, the magnetic field significantly decreased the relative abundances of Escherichia‐Shigella, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Burkholderia‐Caballeronia‐Paraburkholderia, Parasutterella, and Ralstonia and significantly increased those of Parabacteroides, Alloprevotella, Alistipes, Odoribacter, Bacteroides, Mucispirillum, Sutterella, and Prevotellaceae_UCG‐001. Similarly, at the genus level, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Romboutsia, and Streptococcus significantly decreased in the human gut microbiota. Contrary to the changing trend of the abundance in the mouse gut, the abundances of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides in the human gut were significantly reduced under magnetic field. The BugBase phenotypic prediction analysis showed that the relative abundances of five phenotypes, including anaerobism, mobile elements, potential pathogenicity, stress‐tolerant, and biofilm formation, changed significantly in the mouse gut microbiota, while the relative abundances of two phenotypes, including Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative phenotypes, changed significantly in the human gut microbiota. The 16 T magnetic field could differently affect the composition, structure, and phenotypes of gut microbiota in human and mice, suggesting the importance of model selection in studying the biological effects of magnetic field.
Key points
The ultra‐strong static magnetic fields are generally harmful to human health and are rarely encountered in daily life. With the recent advancements in science and technology, exposure to ultra‐strong static magnetic fields has increased in human daily life. So far, the effects of ultra‐strong static magnetic fields on gut microbiota, especially human gut microbiota, are lacking. The structure of gut microbiota is closely related to human health, so a 16 T ultra‐static magnetic field was used to study its effect on the structure of human and mouse gut microbiota.
In mouse gut microbiota, 16 T ultra‐strong static magnetic field could significantly increase eight bacterial genera: Parabacteroides, Alloprevotella, Alistipes, Odoribacter, Bacteroides, Mucispirillum, Sutterella, and Prevotellaceae_UCG‐001. While 16 T ultra‐strong static magnetic field could significantly decrease the relative abundances of six bacterial genera: Escherichia‐Shigella, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Burkholderia‐Caballeronia‐Paraburkholderia, Parasutterella, and Ralstonia.
In human gut microbiota, 16 T ultra‐strong static magnetic field could significantly decrease four bacterial genera: Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Romboutsia, and Streptococcus: The relative abundances of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides have opposite trends in the guts of mice and humans.
There are significant differences in the stress response of human and mouse gut microbiota to the ultra‐strong static magnetic field. The human gut microbiota presented higher tolerance to the ultra‐strong static magnetic field. This difference further suggested that the studies on the effects of ultra‐strong static magnetic field on gut microbiota should not be limited to mice.
Understanding the developmental period or the patterns of gut microbiota is important for nutritionists when designing a feed formula or adjusting a feeding strategy. The effects of growth stage or ...rearing pattern on pig gut microbiota have not been fully investigated. Herein, 39 fecal samples from pigs aged 3–9 months under two rearing patterns were collected to analyze the gut microbiome. Samples were clustered into three distinct groups, namely, early (3 months), middle (5 months), and late (7 and 9 months) stages, using principal coordinate analysis and analysis of similarities test. The rearing-pattern effects were very minimal, and no differences were observed in the alpha diversity observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and Shannon index of gut microbiota. From early and middle to late stage, Shannon index gradually decreased and OTUs gradually increased. Pigs at early stage were enriched with bacteria from family
Prevotellaceae
, including the genera
Prevotella_9
and
Prevotellaceae_NK3B31
, whereas pigs at late stage were enriched with family
Ruminococcaceae
, including genera
Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005
and
Oscillospira
. Pigs in the semi-free-grazing farm group were significantly enriched with bacteria from order
Clostridiales
. Growth stage better explained the changes in porcine gut microbiota than rearing patterns.
Gut microbiota play an important role in extraction, synthesis and absorption of nutrients. Commensal bacteria prevent pathogenic bacteria colonization and maintain intestinal epithelium integrity. ...The most common families of commensal bacteria in nursery pigs are Prevotellaceae, Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lachnospitaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Ruminicoccaceae and Streptoccocaceae. Understanding the microbial abundance shifts that causes health disruption leading to diarrhea and stunted growth performance can be of great benefit for developing mitigation strategies. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology facilitates metagenomic approaches, developing sequencing profile representing any and all organisms within a sample. Electronic-probe Diagnostic Nucleic acid Analysis (EDNA) is a bioinformatic tool originally developed to detect species-specific plant pathogen targets in metagenomic databases. EDNA has been shown to reduce time to detect microbial signatures in large metagenomic sequence data. However, it has not previously been used as a metagenomic tool for assessing microbiome composition at the family level. Therefore, a metagenomic sequencing based in silico detection of gut microbiota using E-probes of the seven most common commensal families was developed and further validated in vitro. E-probes were designed from the selected families as follows, Prevotellaceae (89,565), Clostridiaceae (58,554), Erysipelotrichaceae (195), Lachnospitaceae (87), Lactobacillaceae (211,507), Ruminicoccaceae (14,575) and Streptoccocaceae (54,632). Fecal metagenomes of nursery pigs from 0, 7, 14, and 21 d were used to validate the E-probes. The hits were able to detect the relative abundance variations of the 4-time periods. The results between hits and reads were as follows, Prevotellaceae (r2 = 0.98), Clostridiaceae (r2 = 0.99), Erysipelotrichaceae (r2 = 0.99), Lachnospitaceae (r2 = 0.99), Lactobacillaceae (r2 = 0.91), Ruminicoccaceae (r2 = 0.99) and Streptoccocaceae (r2 = 0.98). These results validate in silico usage of E-probes to detect the relative abundance variations in gut microbiota. Further in vitro validation will be performed to assess the microbial changes related to diet in nursery pigs.
We examined the effects of two direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing multiple microbial species and their fermentation products on ruminal fermentation, bacterial community and metabolome of beef ...steers. Nine rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned to 3 treatments arranged in a 3 x 3 Latin square design with three 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were (1) CON (basal diet without additive), (2) PROB (basal diet plus 19 g/d of Commence), and (3) SYNB (basal diet plus 28 g/d of RX3). Commence is a blend of active S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, and L. casei, and their fermentation products. RX3 is a blend of active S. cerevisiae and the fermentation products of S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis. Daily dry matter intake was calculated. On d 21 of each period, ruminal contents were sampled at 3, 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding for analysis of VFA, bacterial community via 16S rRNA sequencing, and metabolome via chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. There was no effect on DMI. Compared to CON, supplementation of either PROB or SYNB increased or tended to increase (P < 0.10) total VFA, propionate, and valerate concentrations. Compared to CON, PROB reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001, but increased those of Rikenellaceae RC9, Succinivibrionaceae UCG-001, Succiniclasticum, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, whereas SYNB decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella 1 and Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and increased those of Prevotella 7, Succinivibrio, Succiniclasticum, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014. Metabolome analysis revealed that 8 ruminal metabolites, including some amino acids, were increased (P < 0.05) by PROB, whereas no differences were found for SYNB. This study demonstrated that supplemental PROB or SYNB altered the ruminal bacterial community and metabolome differently to achieve a similar ruminal fermentation pattern.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, diets rich in ...n-3 PUFAs are known to improve disease resistance and limit pathogen infection in commercial aquaculture fishes. In this study, we examined the effects of transgenic overexpression of n-3 PUFA biosynthesis genes on the physiological response to bacterial infection in tilapia. We first established tilapia strains with single or dual expression of salmon delta-5 desaturase and/or delta-6 desaturase and then challenged the fish with Vibrio vulnificus infection. Interestingly, our data suggest that n-3 PUFA-mediated alterations in gut microbiota may be important in determining disease outcome via effects on immune response of the host. Both liver- and muscle-specific single and dual expression of delta-5 desaturase and delta-6 desaturase resulted in higher n-3 PUFA content in transgenic fish fed with a LO basal diet. The enrichment of n-3 PUFAs in dual-transgenic fish is likely responsible for their improved survival rate and comparatively reduced expression of inflammation- and immune-associated genes after V. vulnificus infection. Gut microbiome analysis further revealed that dual-transgenic tilapia had high gut microbiota diversity, with low levels of inflammation-associated microbiota (i.e., Prevotellaceae). Thus, our findings indicate that dual expression of transgenic delta-5 and delta-6 desaturase in tilapia enhances disease resistance, an effect that is associated with increased levels of n-3 PUFAs and altered gut microbiota composition.
Aims
This study aims to investigate the effect of hydroxy‐selenomethionine supplementation on the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and microorganisms of Holstein cows.
Methods and Results
...Five fermentation substrates, including control (without selenium supplementation, CON), sodium selenite supplementation (0.3 mg kg−1 DM, SS03), and hydroxy‐selenomethionine supplementation (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg kg−1 DM, SM03, SM06 and SM09, respectively) were incubated with rumen fluid in vitro. The results showed that in vitro dry matter disappearance and gas production at 48 h was significantly higher in SM06 than SM03, SS03 and CON; propionate and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was higher in SM06 than CON. Moreover, higher species richness of rumen fluid was found in SM06 than others. Higher relative abundance of Prevotella and Prevotellaceae‐UCG‐003 and lower relative abundance of Ruminococcus‐1 were detected in SM06 than CON. Besides, higher relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG‐005 was found in CON than other treatments.
Conclusions
It is observed that 0.6 mg kg−1 DM hydroxy‐selenomethionine supplementation could increase cumulative gas production, propionate, and total VFAs production by altering the relative abundance of Prevotella, Prevotellaceae‐UCG‐003, Ruminococcaceae_UCG‐005 and Ruminococcus‐1, so that it can be used as a rumen fermentation regulator in Holstein cows.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This study provides an optimal addition ratio of hydroxy‐selenomethionine on rumen fermentation and bacterial composition via an in vitro test.
The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the health and well-being of animals. It is especially critical for ruminants that depend on this bacterial community for digesting their food. In this ...study, we investigated the effects of management conditions and supplemental feeding on the gut bacterial microbiota of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany. Fecal samples were collected from free-ranging deer, deer within winter enclosures, and deer in permanent enclosures. The samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene. The results showed that the gut bacterial microbiota differed in diversity, abundance, and heterogeneity within and between the various management groups. Free-ranging deer exhibited lower alpha diversity compared with deer in enclosures, probably because of the food supplementation available to the animals within the enclosures. Free-living individuals also showed the highest beta diversity, indicating greater variability in foraging grounds and plant species selection. Moreover, free-ranging deer had the lowest abundance of potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa, suggesting a healthier gut microbiome. Winter-gated deer, which spent some time in enclosures, exhibited intermediate characteristics between free-ranging and all-year-gated deer. These findings suggest that the winter enclosure management strategy, including supplementary feeding with processed plants and crops, has a significant impact on the gut microbiome composition of red deer. Overall, this study provides important insights into the effects of management conditions, particularly winter enclosure practices, on the gut microbiome of red deer. Understanding these effects is crucial for assessing the potential health implications of management strategies and highlights the value of microbiota investigations as health marker.
Fat supplementation plays an important role in defining milk fatty acids (FA) composition of ruminant products. The use of sources rich in linoleic and α-linolenic acid favors the accumulation of ...conjugated linoleic acids isomers, increasing the healthy properties of milk. Ruminal microbiota plays a pivotal role in defining milk FA composition, and its profile is affected by diet composition. The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of rumen FA production and microbial structure to hemp or linseed supplementation in diets of dairy goats. Ruminal microbiota composition was determined by 16S amplicon sequencing, whereas FA composition was obtained by gas-chromatography technique. In all, 18 pluriparous Alpine goats fed the same pre-treatment diet for 40±7 days were, then, arranged to three dietary treatments consisting of control, linseed and hemp seeds supplemented diets. Independently from sampling time and diets, bacterial community of ruminal fluid was dominated by Bacteroidetes (about 61.2%) and Firmicutes (24.2%) with a high abundance of Prevotellaceae (41.0%) and Veillonellaceae (9.4%) and a low presence of Ruminococcaceae (5.0%) and Lachnospiraceae (4.3%). Linseed supplementation affected ruminal bacteria population, with a significant reduction of biodiversity; in particular, relative abundance of Prevotella was reduced (-12.0%), whereas that of Succinivibrio and Fibrobacter was increased (+50.0% and +75.0%, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found among the average relative abundance of archaeal genera between each dietary group. Moreover, the addition of linseed and hemp seed induced significant changes in FA concentration in the rumen, as a consequence of shift from C18 : 2n-6 to C18 : 3n-3 biohydrogenation pathway. Furthermore, dimethylacetal composition was affected by fat supplementation, as consequence of ruminal bacteria population modification. Finally, the association study between the rumen FA profile and the bacterial microbiome revealed that Fibrobacteriaceae is the bacterial family showing the highest and significant correlation with FA involved in the biohydrogenation pathway of C18 : 3n-3.
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