Introduction: It is known that patients with Parkinson´s Disease usually present gastrointestinal disorders, and that the intestinal microbiota can have an influence on the seriousness of the ...clinical presentation of this disease. Objective:To show the implications of intestinal microbiota for the etiology and therapeutics of Parkinson´s Disease. Material and methods:A bibliographic review was made from October 2016 to May 2017. HighWire and PubMed databases were searched using Boolean descriptors and operators. Advanced search strategy was used for the selection of articles, and the methodological quality or the validity of the studies were considered. Development:Evidences based on the association of intestinal microbiota and Parkinson´s Disease were identified, which were mainly consisting of the levels of infestation with Helicobacter pylori; the reduction of the average number of the Prevotellaceae; the relative quantity of Enterobacteriaceae and its association with the seriousness of postural instability and the difficulty to walk; and the minor risk of suffering from Parkinson´s Disease in patients with truncal vagotomy. Conclusions: Even though there has been a considerable advance in the knowledge of the role of intestinal microbiota in Parkinson´s Disease, new studies will be required to elucidate the causal and temporal relations between intestinal microbiota and Parkinson´s Disease, and evaluate the use of pro- and prebiotics as a treatment strategy in patients suffering from it.Keywords:Parkinson´s Disease, Enterobacteriaceae, Helicobacter pylori, intestinal microbiota, Prevotellaceae, vagotomy.
Introducción: Es reconocido que pacientes con la Enfermedad de Parkinson suelen manifestar trastornos gastro-intestinales, y que la microbiota intestinal modula la gravedad de la presentación clínica de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Reflejar las implicaciones de la microbiota intestinal en la etiología y terapéutica de la Enfermedad de Parkinson. Material y Métodos:Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica durante los meses de octubre de 2016 a mayo de 2017. Se consultaron las bases de datos HighWire y PubMed, con el uso de descriptores y operadores booleanos. Se empleó la estrategia de búsqueda avanzada para la selección de los artículos, y se tuvo en cuenta la calidad metodológica o validez de los estudios. Desarrollo:Se identificaron evidencias de asociación entre la microbiota intestinal y la Enfermedad de Parkinson, consistentes principalmente en los niveles de infestación por la Helicobacter pylori, la reducción en la abundancia promedio de las Prevotellaceae, la abundancia relativa de las Enterobacteriaceae y su asociación con la gravedad de la inestabilidad postural y de la dificultad para caminar, y el menor riesgo de padecer de la Enfermedad de Parkinson en pacientes con vagotomía troncal. Conclusiones: Aun cuando se ha avanzado significativamente en el conocimiento del papel de la microbiota intestinal en la Enfermedad de Parkinson, se requerirán nuevos estudios para elucidar las relaciones temporales y causales entre la microbiota intestinal y la Enfermedad de Parkinson, y para evaluar el uso de pro- y prebióticos como estrategia de tratamiento en pacientes con esta enfermedad.Palabras claves:Enfermedad de Parkinson, Enterobacteriaceae, Helicobacter pylori, microbiota intestinal, Prevotellaceae, vagotomía.
The gut microbiome has been recognized as a tool for understanding adiposity accumulation and for providing personalized nutrition advice for the management of obesity and accompanying metabolic ...complications. The genetic background is also involved in human energy homeostasis. In order to increase the value of nutrigenetic dietary advice, the interplay between genetics and microbiota must be investigated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate interactive associations between gut microbiota composition and 95 obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) searched in the literature. Oral mucosa and fecal samples from 360 normal weight, overweight and obese subjects were collected. Next generation genotyping of these 95 SNPs and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were performed. A genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed with 10 SNPs statistically or marginally associated with body mass index (BMI). Several microbiome statistical analyses at family taxonomic level were applied (LEfSe, Canonical Correspondence Analysis, MetagenomeSeq and Random Forest), and Prevotellaceae family was found in all of them as one of the most important bacterial families associated with BMI and GRS. Thus, in this family it was further analyzed the interactive association between BMI and GRS with linear regression models. Interestingly, women with higher abundance of Prevotellaceae and higher GRS were more obese, compared to women with higher GRS and lower abundance of Prevotellaceae. These findings suggest relevant interrelationships between Prevotellaceae and the genetic background that may determine interindividual BMI differences in women, which opens the way to new precision nutrition-based treatments for obesity.
Fenugreek seeds (FSs) are a natural source of bioactive compounds that may modulate the immune system and gut microbiota in broilers. This study examined the effects of dietary fenugreek seed powder ...on immune-related gene expression and cecal microbiota composition in broilers. A total of 144 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to three dietary groups, CON (0 g/kg FS, FS5 (5 g/kg FS) and FS10 (10 g/kg FS), each with 6 replicates of 8 birds. Ileum tissues and cecal contents were collected on day 42 for the mRNA expression of inflammation and antimicrobial defense-related genes and cecal microbiome diversity, respectively. The results indicated that fenugreek seeds downregulated mRNA-level inflammation and antimicrobial defense-related genes: IL6, IL8L2, CASP6, PTGS2, IRF7, AvBD9, AvBD10, and AvBD11. Moreover, fenugreek seeds altered the cecal microbial community by increasing the population of Firmicutes and decreasing the population of Actinobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota and Verrucomicrobiota at the phylum level and increasing
,
and
at the genera level. These findings suggest that fenugreek seeds have a positive impact on the immunological profile and microbiome of broiler chickens, possibly through the interplay of the immune system and the gut microbiome.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is one of the serious infectious diseases that threatens the swine industry. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota plays an important role ...in regulating host immune responses to PRRS virus (PRRSV). The aim of this study was to investigate gut microbiota difference between PRRSV-resistant pigs and PRRSV-suspectable pigs derived from a Tongcheng pigs and Large White pigs crossed population. PRRSV infection induces an increase in the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota. Correlation analysis showed that 36 genera were correlated with viral loads or weight gain after PRRSV infection. Prevotellaceae-NK3B31-group, Christensenellaceae-R7-group, and Parabacteroides were highly correlated with both viral load and weight gain. Notably, the diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Prevotellaceae-NK3B31-group was high in resistant pigs, and the diversity and abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter and Desulfovibrio were high in susceptible pigs. Gut microbiota were significantly associated with immune function and growth performance, suggesting that these genera might be related to viremia, clinical symptoms, and disease resistance. Altogether, this study revealed the correlation of gut microbiota with PRRSV infection and gut microbiota interventions may provide an effective prevention against PRRSV infection.
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide with human papillomavirus (HPV) being the main cause the disease. Chromosomal amplifications have been identified as a source of ...upregulation for cervical cancer driver genes but cannot fully explain increased expression of immune genes in invasive carcinoma. Insight into additional factors that may tip the balance from immune tolerance of HPV to the elimination of the virus may lead to better diagnosis markers. We investigated whether microbiota affect molecular pathways in cervical carcinogenesis by performing microbiome analysis via sequencing 16S rRNA in tumor biopsies from 121 patients. While we detected a large number of intra-tumor taxa (289 operational taxonomic units (OTUs)), we focused on the 38 most abundantly represented microbes. To search for microbes and host genes potentially involved in the interaction, we reconstructed a transkingdom network by integrating a previously discovered cervical cancer gene expression network with our bacterial co-abundance network and employed bipartite betweenness centrality. The top ranked microbes were represented by the families
,
, and
. While we could not define the first two families to the species level,
was assigned to
. By co-culturing a cervical cancer cell line with
, we confirmed that three out of the ten top predicted genes in the transkingdom network (lysosomal associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3), STAT1, TAP1), all regulators of immunological pathways, were upregulated by this microorganism. Therefore, we propose that intra-tumor microbiota may contribute to cervical carcinogenesis through the induction of immune response drivers, including the well-known cancer gene LAMP3.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with zinc (Zn) amino acids at different concentrations on immunity, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota composition ...in calves. Twenty-four one-month-old healthy Angus calves of comparable body weight were randomly divided into three groups (four males and four females in each group) based on the amount of Zn supplementation added to the feed the animals received: group A, 40 mg/kg DM; group B, 80 mg/kg DM; and group C, 120 mg/kg DM. The experiment ended when calves reached three months of age (weaning period). The increase in dietary Zn amino acid content promoted the growth of calves, and the average daily weight gain increased by 36.58% (
< 0.05) in group C compared with group A. With the increase in the content of dietary Zn amino acids, the indexes of serum immune functions initially increased and then decreased; in particular, the content of immunoglobulin M in group A and group B was higher than that in group C (
< 0.05), whereas the content of interleukin-2 in group B was higher than that in the other two groups (
< 0.05). In addition, the content of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity in the serum of calves in group B was higher than that in group C (
< 0.05), and the MDA level was lower than in group C (
< 0.05). Moreover, alpha diversity in the gut microbiota of calves in group B was higher than that in group A and group C (
< 0.05); the dominant phyla were
and
, whereas the dominant genera were
and
. Linear discriminant analysis showed that the relative abundance of
in the gut microbiota of calves in group B was higher than that in group A, and the relative abundance of
was higher compared to that in experimental group C. Thus, dietary supplementation of 80 mg/kg of Zn amino acids to calves could improve the immune function and antioxidant capacity, as well as enrich and regulate the equilibrium of gut microbiota, thus promoting the healthy growth of calves.
From the two perspectives of intestinal flora and plasma metabolomics, the mechanism of occurrence and development of pneumoconiosis was explored to provide a new target for the prevention and ...treatment of pneumoconiosis. In this study, 16S ribosome DNA (16SrDNA) gene sequencing technology was used to analyze the differences in intestinal flora of each research group through operational taxonomic units (OUT) analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and other analytical methods were used to analyze the differences in plasma metabolites between the study groups. Metabonomics analysis showed that the plasma metabolites of pneumoconiosis patients were significantly different from those of normal people. Fold change > 2; vip > 1; p < 0.05 were the screening criteria. In the positive and negative mode, we screened ten types of differential metabolites. These ten metabolites were upregulated to varying degrees in the pneumoconiosis patients. Seven metabolic pathways were obtained by analyzing the metabolic pathways of different metabolites. Among them, the aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis pathway changed most obviously. The α diversity of two groups of intestinal flora was analyzed using the 16SrDNA technique. The results showed that there was no significant difference in ACE, Chao1, Shannon, or Simpson in the two groups (p > 0.05). Beta diversity analysis showed that there were differences in microbial communities. In pneumoconiosis patients, the abundance of Prevotellaceae increased, and the other nine species decreased. Compared to the control group, the abundance of Prevotellaceae in the intestinal flora of pneumoconiosis increased, and the abundance of the other nine species decreased. Compared to controls, ten substances in the plasma metabolites of pneumoconiosis patients were upregulated. Seven metabolic pathways were obtained by analyzing the metabolic pathways of different metabolites. Among them, the aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis pathway changed most significantly. This provided a theoretical basis for further study on the pathogenesis, early prevention, and treatment of pneumoconiosis.
Hyperglycemia is one of the metabolic characteristics of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Considering that GDM is able to cause changes in the gut bacterial community and function in the mother’s ...intestine compared with healthy pregnant women, we aimed to clarify the correlation between hyperglycemia and gut microbiota in a GDM mouse model. Mice were divided into four groups: CE0, GDME0, CE18, and GDME18. C and GDM represent the control (C) and GDM groups, while E0 and E18 represent early or late trimesters of embryo day 0 or 18, respectively. GDM mouse models were created by injecting streptozocin on embryo day 0. The gut microbiota was characterized using the Illumina MiSeq platform targeting the V3–4 region of the 16S rRNA. Operational taxonomic unit analysis revealed a significant difference between CE18 and CE0, in which
Akkermansia
and
Prevotellaceae
were more abundant in the early trimester group, CE0. Moreover, the
Clostridiales_vadinBB60
group was more abundant, while
Parasutterella
was much lower in GDME18 than in CE18. The gut microbiota community structure correlated with the GDM state, and LEfSe and molecular ecological network analysis further confirmed these diversities. Our research shows that changes in the community structure of the gut microbiota from the early to late trimester correlate with the GDM state. Changes in the abundance of the probiotic bacteria
Akkermansia, Prevotellaceae
, and
Parasutterella
may be involved in the GDM state.
Both the jejunum and colon release cytokines that interact with intestinal microbiota. However, it is largely unclear which cytokines and microbial populations are involved in the homeostasis of the ...intestinal ecosystem for sheep health. To address this, we collected contents for isolating microbiota and tissues for determining cytokines from the jejunum and colon of 7-month-old Altay sheep. We used the techniques of 16S rRNA sequencing and ELISA to detect microbial population and cytokine level, respectively. Correlations between microbial population and cytokines were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient. The correlation analysis revealed higher populations of Bacteroides, Fibrobacteres and Spirochetes in the colon than in the jejunum, and IL-6 and IL-12 levels were higher in the jejunum than in the colon. Association analysis further revealed a positive association between IL-10 level and both Ruminococcus_2 and norank_f_Bifidobacteriaceae population in the jejunum. The analysis also revealed positive associations between IL-6 level and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013 population, IL-10 and Prevotellaceae_UCG-004, as well as TNF-α and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 in the colon. These results indicate a potential interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the host immune system that needs to be further clarified for considering dietary formulations to maintain animal health and disease prevention.
Cysteamine (CS) is a vital antioxidant product and nutritional regulator that improves the productive performance of animals. A 2 × 4 factorial in vitro experiment was performed to determine the ...effect of the CS supplementation levels of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/g, based on substrate weight, on the ruminal fermentation, antioxidant capacity, and microorganisms of a high-forage substrate (HF, forage:corn meal = 7:3) in the Statistical Analysis System Institute. After 48 h of incubation, the in vitro dry matter disappearance and gas production in the LF group were higher when compared with a low-forage substrate (LF, forge hay:corn meal = 3:7), which was analyzed via the use of the MIXED procedure of the HF group, and these increased linearly with the increasing CS supplementation (p < 0.01). With regard to rumen fermentation, the pH and acetate were lower in the LF group compared to the HF group (p < 0.01). However, the ammonia N, microbial crude protein, total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and propionate in the LF group were greater than those in the HF group (p < 0.05). With the CS supplementation increasing, the pH, ammonia N, acetate, and A:P decreased linearly, while the microbial crude protein, total VFA, and propionate increased linearly (p < 0.01). Greater antioxidant capacity was observed in the LF group, and the increasing CS supplementation linearly increased the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, and glutathione reductase, while it decreased the malondialdehyde (p < 0.05). No difference occurred in the ruminal bacteria alpha diversity with the increasing CS supplementation, but it was higher in the LF group than in the HF group (p < 0.01). Based on the rumen bacterial community, a higher proportion of Bacteroidota, instead of Firmicutes, was in the LF group than in the HF group. Furthermore, increasing the CS supplementation linearly increased the relative abundance of Prevotella, norank_f_F082, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 under the two substrates (p < 0.05). Prevotella, norank_f_F082, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 were positively correlated with gas production, rumen fermentation, and antioxidant capacity in a Spearman correlation analysis (r > 0.31, p < 0.05). Overall, a CS supplementation of not less than 20 mg/g based on substrate weight enhanced the rumen fermentation and rumen antioxidant capacity of the fermentation system, and it guided the rumen fermentation towards glucogenic propionate by enriching the Prevotella in Bacteroidetes.
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