Introduction. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized with a rapid progression of prevalence in last 3 decades, especially in countries with low and middle income. Next three decades ...this number of diabetes in the world is expected to be doubled. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of diabetes is the primary way to prevent and delay cardiovascular complications.
Patients and methods. In this retrospective study, we used the data from National electronic system e-health which was performed in late 2014, wich gives us nearly precise data, and we made statistical analysis for diabetes in last 5 years (2015-2019).
Results. In 2015 we have registered 103480 patients with DM, in 2016 108130 patients, in 2017 114408, in 2018 119999 and in 2019 124450 patients with DM. 95% of patients are with T2DM and 4, 1% with T1DM. According the data from State statistical office for population of Republic of Macedonia, the prevalence of T2DM for the years 2015-2019 is as follows: 5,66% in 2015, 6.13% In 2016, 6.55% I 2017, 7,06% in 2018 and 7,2% in 2019.
Conclusions. The number of registered patients with diabetes in last 5 years has grown up for 20970 or 20%, in the last 5 years the number of patients with type 2 diabetes has grown up for 18272 patients or 11%. The prevalence of T2DM has increased for 1.54%. Involvement of primary health care professionals has improved the early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
To determine whether cigarette smoking, as a risk factor for CAD, affects (anti)oxidant status.
The study included patients with CAD, divided according to their smoking status and the number of ...cigarettes smoked during a day. Biological markers of oxidative stress (concentration of oxidants and activity of antioxidant enzymes) were measured in all subjects.
The study included 300 patients with CAD, (average age of 63 ± 11 years), predominantly males. Of the total, 34.0% were active smokers, 23.0% were former smokers, and 43.0% were non-smokers. Most of the active smokers smoked 1-20 cigarettes/day. In terms of concentration of oxidants (MDA and HP) there was not a significant difference between smokers versus non-smokers. As for the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPX), a statistically significant difference was found in the activity of GPX among the active smokers with CAD and the non-smokers with CAD (p = 0.039).
Smoking as a risk factor for CAD is closely associated with increased oxidative stress, and the number of cigarettes smoked plays an important role in increasing the level of oxidative damage and reducing antioxidant defence.
The data show that the media in the Republic of Macedonia became associates of government propaganda, circumventing the professional and democratic principles of informing. The Government is one of ...the biggest advertisers in the country and there is concern that the funds are allocated to the television channels which support the Government. The collected data will be illustrated through analysis and comparison of the annual reports of the Organization “Reporters without Borders” and the annual reports of the European Commission, but this does not mean that other academic research will be excluded. The survey results show that in Macedonia the media freedom is not achieved, but on the contrary, we have drastic deterioration of the freedom of expression. Because of this, the media lose its mission to inform and educate their audience, regardless of any political pressure.
The data show that the media in the Republic of Macedonia became associates of government propaganda, circumventing the professional and democratic principles of informing. The Government is one of ...the biggest advertisers in the country and there is concern that the funds are allocated to the television channels which support the Government. The collected data will be illustrated through analysis and comparison of the annual reports of the Organization “Reporters without Borders” and the annual reports of the European Commission, but this does not mean that other academic research will be excluded. The survey results show that in Macedonia the media freedom is not achieved, but on the contrary, we have drastic deterioration of the freedom of expression. Because of this, the media lose its mission to inform and educate their audience, regardless of any political pressure.
The results of a first systematic study of spatial distribution of different elements in surface soil over the Veles region (50
km
2) known for its lead and zinc industrial activity in the recent ...past are reported. A total of 201 soil samples were collected according to a dense net in urban area and less dense net in rural area. The total of 42 elements were analyzed by epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) and by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The content of elements such as As, Au, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn in soil samples around the lead and zinc smelter and in the adjacent part of the town of Veles has appeared to be much higher than in those collected in the surrounding areas due to the pollution from the plant. Thus, the content of Cd (three times); Pb and Zn (two times) is even higher than the corresponding intervention (critical) values according to the Dutch standards. The results obtained by two complementary analytical techniques, AAS and ENAA, are discussed in terms of multivariate statistics. GIS technology was applied to depict the areas most affected by contamination from the lead and zinc smelter.
The adoption of new of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in farming activities becoming crucial for developing countries in order to meet the challenges of rapidly growing ...populations, urbanization and arable agricultural land declination. Because of it, each farmers’ organization or farmer has to concern their agricultural products and services more towards modernized and ICT related routine. The attempt has been made to analyze the reaction of the Macedonian farmers towards ICTs as a source of reliable and timely information about e-banking, online purchasing/selling, marketing, input and output optimization, increased revenue, remote farm management process etc. Semi-structured questionnaire was used for interviewing 132 semi-experienced and experienced farmers that use ICTs as sample for the research. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistics tool like correlation and Rank Based Quotient (RBQ). The findings showed that farmers stressed the cost of ICTs, lack of training, trust level in the government institutions, and lack of ICT infrastructure are thresholds for ICTs adoption and use in agriculture. This research contributes to understand the adoption and use of ICT, identify the constraints associated with ICT use and propose recommendations towards the improvement of ICTs for agriculture in the Republic of Macedonia.
The process of the disintegration of the multinational Yugoslav federation at the end of the 80s and the beginning of the 90s had a strong impact on the process of the constitution of an independent ...Macedonian state. In those years, the Yugoslav Federation underwent a transition from the one-party rule of the Union of Communists to the establishment of a pluralistic multi-party political system. After the legalization of the possibility to create new political parties in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, various parties and associations emerged, which brought great diversity to the political life of the republic and laid the foundations of party pluralism in it. The grouping of the parties is based on the attitude towards the future development of Yugoslavia, which divides them into “pro-Yugoslav” and “national”. Along with the Macedonian national parties, political parties and associations on a national and ethno-religious basis are being created in the SR Macedonia. The difficulties in the Republic of Macedonia started parallel to the process of declaring its independence and especially after the breakup of Yugoslavia. Thus, in the early 90s, after the collapse of the multinational federation and the declaration of independence of some of its republics, such as Slovenia and Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia faced serious problems in its own state. Internally - the final independence of the state and liberation from the Yugoslav People's Army, and externally - its international recognition. And while the last decade of the 20th century was mainly related to the international recognition of the Republic of Macedonia, the first decade of the 21st century saw the country face serious international problems and confrontations mainly between the Macedonian and Albanian ethnic groups in the country, as well as the dilemma of further and steps towards membership in the Euro-Atlantic structures - in the EU and NATO.
The primary motive of this research is the specific form of soft power the EU uses in its policy, especially the enlargement policy. Thus, over comprehensive analyze of its policy, researching the ...previous experiences in this field, the ongoing process with the candidate members, and using the method of case study with the Republic of Macedonia in particular, we can see closer how the soft power works in this part of its policy and in which forms it is expressed. According to the research and the results, we could see the differences between the other power of the EU used in its policy and the specific form of soft power used in the Enlargement policy. This type of power is collocated of various elements such as Copenhagen criteria, progress reports, and for the very first in the case with the Republic of Macedonia is launched the High-Level Accession Dialogue. Despite the complicated process and endless framework followed by the slow development in the state policy, the survey results with positive public opinion on the sole enlargement process and the EU membership.
The primary motive of this research is the specific form of soft power the EU uses in its policy, especially the enlargement policy. Thus, over comprehensive analyze of its policy, researching the ...previous experiences in this field, the ongoing process with the candidate members, and using the method of case study with the Republic of Macedonia in particular, we can see closer how the soft power works in this part of its policy and in which forms it is expressed. According to the research and the results, we could see the differences between the other power of the EU used in its policy and the specific form of soft power used in the Enlargement policy. This type of power is collocated of various elements such as Copenhagen criteria, progress reports, and for the very first in the case with the Republic of Macedonia is launched the High-Level Accession Dialogue. Despite the complicated process and endless framework followed by the slow development in the state policy, the survey results with positive public opinion on the sole enlargement process and the EU membership.
Abstract To evaluate applicability of Demirjian and Willems methods for calculating dental age of children in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia we analyzed panoramic radiographs of 966 ...children (485 female and 481 male, aged 6–13 years) treated at the University and Community Dental Clinics in Skopje using four Demirjian methods and a Willems method for determining dental ages. Intra-rater and inter-rater agreement of mineralization stages were 0.86 and 0.82, respectively. All methods significantly overestimated dental age when compared to the chronological age ( p < 0.001). In males, the lowest overestimation was shown using Willems method (0.52 ± 0.87 years), followed by Demirjian methods from 1976 using PM1 , PM2 , M1 , M2 teeth (0.69 ± 0.92 years) and using I2 , PM1 , PM2 , M2 teeth (0.80 ± 0.98 years). The greatest overestimation were shown using Demirjian methods using 7 teeth from 1976 (0.92 ± 0.99 years) and method from 1973 (1.06 ± 1.07 years). In females, the lowest overestimation was shown using Willems method (0.33 ± 0.83 years) than the Demirjian method using PM1 , PM2 , M1 , M2 teeth (1.00 ± 1.01 years), following methods from 1976 using 7 teeth (1.03 ± 1.01 years) and I2 , PM1 , PM2 , M2 teeth (1.12 ± 0.96 years). The greatest overestimation was for method from 1973 using 7 teeth (1.17 ± 0.98 years). Willems method was the most accurate while Demirjian's methods for dental age calculation are not suitable on children from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
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