Americans are the world’s best armed citizens and public polling suggests protection/self-defense is their main reason for gun ownership. However, there is virtually no psychological research on gun ...ownership. The present article develops the first psychological process model of defensive gun ownership—specifically, a two-component model that considers both the antecedents and consequences of owning a gun for protection/self-defense. We demonstrate that different levels of threat construal—the specific perceived threat of assault and a diffuse threat of a dangerous world—independently predict handgun ownership; we also show how utility judgments can explain the motivated reasoning that drives beliefs about gun rights. We tested our model in two independent samples of gun owners (total N = 899), from just before and after the Orlando mass shooting. This study illustrates how social-cognitive theories can help explain what motivates Americans to own handguns and advocate for broad rights to carry and use them.
What do women learn in feminist self-defense that is empowering? This study examined the skills women used months and years after completing an IMPACT self-defense course. Ninety-seven survey ...participants described skills they had used and incorporated into their lives. The major themes that emerged through a classic grounded theory analysis were awareness, boundary setting, assertive body language, and managing adrenaline to prevent, interrupt, or stop uncomfortable, intrusive, or hostile behaviors. IMPACT-trained women did not engage in self-blaming or risky behavior and used their skills to prevent and interrupt aggressive behavior.
Second Amendment Federalism Erickson, Brian
Stanford law review,
03/2021, Volume:
73, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In the decade since 'District of Columbia v. Heller', the paradigm-shifting 2008 Supreme Court case affirming the right of individuals to keep handguns in the home for self-defense, lower courts have ...struggled to reconcile the case's broad conception of the Second Amendment with longstanding restrictions on the keeping and bearing of firearms. A burgeoning literature has urged courts and scholars to approach this tension with an eye toward 'Heller's' repeated proclamations that self-defense is the "central component" of the Second Amendment right, suggesting that principles of common law self-defense may offer insight into the scope of the Amendment's protections. Examining self-defense law as a U.S. tradition, this Note contends that the right to self-preservation has evolved significantly from its common law origins, with different states adopting different standards, procedures, and definitions over time. This diversity makes it difficult to extract universal principles of self-defense law for purposes of shaping Second Amendment doctrine.
But even as the law has changed across time and jurisdictions, federal courts have been consistent in allowing states to define the contours of the self-defense right. Therefore, courts today should recognize self-defense law as a site of iterative policy development, and treat laws regulating the instrumentalities of self-defense (for example, firearms) with a degree of deference. This Note argues that this approach, which I term "Second Amendment Federalism," comports with the dictates of 'Heller' and provides a roadmap for doctrinal development.
In this article, I use the 2018 Guns in American Life Survey (GALS) to investigate the relationship between feminist identity, gun ownership, gun carrying, and women’s empowerment. Notably, while ...identifying as a feminist lessens the likelihood that a woman will own a gun, of women who own handguns, feminists are more likely to carry their guns all or most of the time. Past victimization is associated with ownership and carrying, confirming genuine concern by women about their safety. Finally, findings reveal that women are more empowered by guns than are men and the relationship is moderated by age. Results are discussed in light of the current American gun culture focused on self-defense and a carry mindset that some women develop as feminist culture in action.
The article analyzes the case where, according to the factual circumstances, the person should have been acquitted of murder, but instead he was punished. self-defense is the human right to defend ...oneself from an aggressor. The basis of self-defense justification is the human right to life, the right to protect it from an aggressor. The article is a critical analysis of the judicial interpretation of the limits of self-defense. The article refers to the decisions of the Zugdidi District Court and the Supreme Court of Georgia regarding a specific case. According to the author's perception, both judgments present a narrow interpretation inconsistent with the essence of self-defense, and both instances came to different results due to different legal assessments of the facts. The author of the article lists the necessary criteria for the justification of self-defense and analyzes how it should be interpreted, simultaneously criticizing its judicial interpretations. Judicial definitions, made case by case, do not serve to foresee the defining norm of self-defense, which undermines legal security. Every person has the right to defend himself against an aggressor, to use effective and proportionate means of self-defense, so as not to put himself at risk. A person has the right to know precisely when and what kind of force he can use against the aggressor. In the Georgian reality, this right is systematically violated, and analyzing a specific criminal case serves to identify this problem. According to the author, Georgian judicial practice misses the essence and purpose of the norm, which contributes to the discrediting of the right to self-defense, and everything only strengthens the aggressor
Criminal violence frequently increases within jurisdictions following the implementation of self-defense laws. One explanation for this finding is a firearm amplification effect, whereby criminal ...offenders increasingly use firearms as a direct response to the amplified threat engendered by citizens. Using longitudinal data drawn from the National Incident-Based Reporting System for 95 cities situated in 15 states, we investigate whether the passing of a stand your ground or castle doctrine law amplifies the likelihood of gun use by criminal offenders. Results from a panel analysis show a marked rise in gun use among criminal offenders following the imposition of both types of self-defense laws. These findings furnish empirical support for the firearm amplification thesis.
We report the secondary outcomes and longevity of efficacy from a randomized controlled trial that evaluated a novel sexual assault resistance program designed for first-year women university ...students. Participants (N = 893) were randomly assigned to receive the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) program or a selection of brochures (control). Perception of personal risk, self-defense self-efficacy, and rape myth acceptance was assessed at baseline; 1-week postintervention; and 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month postrandomization. Risk detection was assessed at 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months. Sexual assault experience and knowledge of effective resistance strategies were assessed at all follow-ups. The EAAA program produced significant increases in women’s perception of personal risk, self-defense self-efficacy, and knowledge of effective (forceful verbal and physical) resistance strategies; the program also produced decreases in general rape myth acceptance and woman blaming over the entire 24-month follow-up period. Risk detection was significantly improved for the intervention group at post-test. The program significantly reduced the risk of completed and attempted rape, attempted coercion, and nonconsensual sexual contact over the entire follow-up period, yielding reductions between 30% and 64% at 2 years. The EAAA program produces long-lasting changes in secondary outcomes and in the incidence of sexual assault experienced by women students. Universities can reduce the harm and the negative health consequences that young women experience as a result of campus sexual assault by implementing this program. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index.
Studie založená na rozhovorech s představiteli českých muslimů se zabývá tím, jak interpretují koncept džihád, jaké mají tyto interpretace konsekvence pro oblast jednání a jaké faktory tyto ...interpretace ovlivňují. Kvalitativní metodologií analyzovaná data ukazují, že džihád chápou zároveň v širokém (bohulibé úsilí věřících) i úzkém pojetí (ozbrojený boj). Vztah genderu a džihádu pak závisí na tom, zda džihád definují široce nebo úzce. Dále nejeví přílišného entuziasmu ve věci typologie různých forem džihádu, nicméně krystalizují tři typologie. Pokud jde o úzké pojetí, shodují se, že je přípustný v sebeobraně. Naopak je tendence odmítat útočný džihád, zejména při šíření víry. Slabý konsenzus se týká podmínek, za jakých lze džihád vyhlásit a vést. Zejména nepanuje shoda na tom, jaká autorita může džihád vyhlašovat a zda vůbec existuje. Absence konsenzu se týká také toho, zda džihád vedou jen státní aktéři, nebo také ti nestátní. Interpretační pluralitu ovlivňuje pět faktorů: vztahování s
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