In this paper, Siemens PLC controller, new generation SINAMICS V90 PN servo control system and real-time communication technology are used to design a control system of the thermal simulator for ...closed-loop control tasks in thermal simulation control systems. The hardware configuration, communication structure, allocation of closed-loop control tasks, data acquisition mode and logic control system of the system are introduced, and through the specific control process, the main controller S7-400CPU cooperates with the FM458 controller to complete the hammer position control, the temperature control methods of the direct resistance heating method and the induction heating method, and the method and characteristics of the real-time communication between the main controller and the S7_1200PLC to control the SINAMICS V90 PN servo motor to realize deformation displacement control are focused on
The presence of sulphur in marine fuel oil relates to health and environmental concerns, as the respective combustion generates sulphur dioxide (SO
2
). The only method to control this SO
2
...generation is to limit the quantity of sulphur in the fuel. Shipping activities, although not the main source, contribute around 13% of the total anthropogenic SO
2
IMO-3GHG 2015. Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study, 3rd ed. London: International Maritime Organisation; on a positive note, this is expected to reduce after the worldwide implementation of 0.5% sulphur regulation for marine fuel. One of the accepted methods to comply with the regulatory criteria is the use of alternate fuel, i.e. liquefied natural gas (LNG). The analysis in hand discusses the potential benefits of LNG as a marine fuel. The technical limitation associated with the formation of sulphuric acid (H
2
SO
4
) is directly related to its Dew point, as it condenses below 160°C and causes acidic corrosion of machinery components. The prevalent combustion-based systems are maintaining a safe and economical exhaust gas range between 150°C and 170°C. If the exhaust gas temperature is higher than 170°C excessive heat is lost, which makes the plant inefficient; in contrast, if the temperature drops below 150°C there is the possibility of corrosion damage to the equipment. Considering that LNG is absolutely free from sulphur contamination, it can be used to overcome this technical limitation and add to the overall thermal efficiency due to the availability of increased operating range.
•A CFD model embedded with compact kinetics was developed for Siemens reactor.•The bottom plate configuration dominates the initial distribution of flow field.•Low velocity zones of gas phase exhibit ...higher temperature.•Uneven flow field results in low uniformity of species concentration and rod growth.
The transport phenomena in Siemens reactors has been investigated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The reaction kinetics was validated against two data sets of silicon epitaxial deposition experiments. Comparative simulations were carried out for four types of reactors with different configurations of gas supplying nozzles and offgas ports. The uniformity index was introduced to evaluate rod growth uniformity. The result showed that improper gas distributing system would result in zones of low velocity together with high temperature, and uneven species concentration distribution, finally cause low uniformity of rod growth. The reactor with a single offgas port at the center of the bottom plate was supposed to be best design among the four from both the performance and the equipment complexity points of view.
Classical theories suggest placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia are based on expectation and conditioned experience. Whereas the neural mechanism of how expectation modulates placebo and nocebo ...effects during pain anticipation have been extensively studied, little is known about how experience may change brain networks to produce placebo and nocebo responses. We investigated the neural pathways of direct and observational conditioning for conscious and nonconscious conditioned placebo/nocebo effects using magnetoencephalography and a face visual cue conditioning model. We found that both direct and observational conditioning produced conscious conditioned placebo and nocebo effects and a nonconscious conditioned nocebo effect. Alpha band brain connectivity changes before and after conditioning could predict the magnitude of conditioned placebo and nocebo effects. Particularly, the connectivity between the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and middle temporal gyrus was an important indicator for the manipulation of placebo and nocebo effects. Our study suggests that conditioning can mediate our pain experience by encoding experience and modulating brain networks.
•Direct and observational conditioning could produce placebo/nocebo effects•Direct and observational conditioning could modulate alpha band brain connectivity•Alpha band brain connectivity was predictive for placebo/nocebo responses•rACC-MTG connectivity was an indicator of placebo/nocebo response magnitude
“Hey AI, show me the money!” Sure, the impact of AI on industries and society is huge. However, we are still waiting for that steady stream of lucrative success stories in industrial artificial ...intelligence (AI).
The early internationalization of new ventures has been described as a contemporary phenomenon enabled by globalization and digital technologies. However, today's multinational enterprise Siemens, ...founded in 1847, fits extant definitions of born globals. Based on this historical case, this study seeks to answer the question: What are enduring and contextually invariant aspects of early internationalization processes? An abductive analysis of the company's first 3 decades finds six relevant and emergent themes. We contribute to international entrepreneurship research by presenting evidence that early internationalization is not a new phenomenon, showing support for multiple extant findings, and providing new insights for otherwise underexplored themes. We also provide future research directions regarding personal‐level processes in international new ventures based on the analyzed 30 years.
Résumé
L'internationalisation précoce des nouvelles entreprises a été décrite comme un phénomène contemporain rendu possible par la mondialisation et les technologies numériques. Cependant, l'entreprise multinationale actuelle Siemens, fondée en 1847, correspond aux définitions existantes des "born globals". En nous appuyant sur ce cas historique, nous cherchons à répondre à la question suivante : Quels sont les aspects durables et contextuellement invariables des processus d'internationalisation précoce? Une analyse abductive des trois premières décennies de l'entreprise permet de dégager six thèmes pertinents et émergents. Nous contribuons à la recherche sur l'entrepreneuriat international en présentant des preuves que l'internationalisation précoce n'est pas un phénomène nouveau, en appuyant plusieurs résultats existants et en fournissant de nouvelles pistes sur des sujets autrement peu explorés. Sur la base des trente années analysées, nous fournissons également des orientations de recherche futures concernant les processus au niveau individuel dans les nouvelles entreprises internationales.
The sharpness of the kernels used for image reconstruction in computed tomography affects the values of the quantitative image features. We sought to identify the kernels that produce similar feature ...values to enable a more effective comparison of images produced using scanners from different manufactures. We also investigated a new image filter designed to change the kernel-related component of the frequency spectrum of a postreconstruction image from that of the initial kernel to that of a preferred kernel. A radiomics texture phantom was imaged using scanners from GE, Philips, Siemens, and Toshiba. Images were reconstructed multiple times, varying the kernel from smooth to sharp. The phantom comprised 10 cartridges of various textures. A semiautomated method was used to produce 8 × 2 × 2 cm regions of interest for each cartridge and for all scans. For each region of interest, 38 radiomics features from the categories intensity direct (n = 12), gray-level co-occurrence matrix (n = 21), and neighborhood gray-tone difference matrix (n = 5) were extracted. We then calculated the fractional differences of the features from those of the baseline kernel (GE Standard). To gauge the importance of the differences, we scaled them by the coefficient of variation of the same feature from a cohort of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The noise power spectra for each kernel were estimated from the phantom's solid acrylic cartridge, and kernel-homogenization filters were developed from these estimates. The Philips C, Siemens B30f, and Toshiba FC24 kernels produced feature values most similar to GE Standard. The kernel homogenization filters reduced the median differences from baseline to less than 1 coefficient of variation in the patient population for all of the GE, Philips, and Siemens kernels except for GE Edge and Toshiba kernels. For prospective computed tomographic radiomics studies, the scanning protocol should specify kernels that have been shown to produce similar feature values. For retrospective studies, kernel homogenization filters can be designed and applied to reduce the kernel-related differences in the feature values.
In the present work, a Joule heating model by direct current (DC) has been developed for the rods arranged in a 48-rod Siemens reactor (SMS-48). The combined effect of heat dissipation (radiation, ...convection and reaction energy) and heat conduction produced by Joule effect has been examined by application of the developed model, taking into account variations of the rod radius and wall emissivity. The influence of the rod location, rod radius and wall emissivity on temperature profile and voltage-current curves during the electric heating process have been studied. Furthermore, the thermal and electrical behavior of silicon rod arranged in the SMS-48 and SMS-24 has been compared with each other. The dimensionless parameter (p) has also been introduced to investigate the effect of the number of rods and their arrangement on energy consumption. The interesting results show that the temperature profile of the rod arranged in the inner ring within SMS-48 is flatter than that in the SMS-24. The curve of current increases and becomes lower for the inner ring and keeps a linear relation for the outer ring in a manufacturing process. The required current and voltage increase when the wall emissivity increases. Enlarging the reactor capacity and meanwhile decreasing the dimensionless parameter (p) is an effective method to decrease energy consumption.
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•A Joule heating model using DC for the silicon rods in the SMS-48 has been developed.•Temperature profile within rods arranged in different rings was analyzed.•The dimensionless parameter (p) was introduced to investigate the energy consumption.•Enlarging the reactor capacity while decreasing p is an effective method to decrease energy consumption.
O artigo tem como objetivo analisar os interesses capitalistas envolvidos em torno do projeto nuclear brasileiro e do Acordo de Cooperação Nuclear Brasil - Alemanha, estabelecido em 1975, durante o ...governo Ernesto Geisel. Mais especificamente, pretende-se discutir a participação da Siemens, grupo empresarial alemão que, através de sua subsidiária, a Kraftwerk Union (KWU), foi o principal responsável pela construção da usina Angra II. Pelo acordo, o governo militar brasileiro planejava, além da ampliação da participação nuclear na matriz energética do país, a instalação de um parque industrial nuclear nacional a partir do controle sobre o enriquecimento de urânio. Contudo, longe de representar uma autonomia para o desenvolvimento nucleoelétrico brasileiro, o acordo nuclear representou um aprofundamento da dependência econômica e tecnológica, subordinando a política nuclear brasileira aos interesses do capital privado alemão, em particular, da Siemens, principal beneficiada. DICTATORSHIP, NUCLEAR POLICY AND BUSINESS INTERESTS: SIEMENS PARTICIPATION IN THE BRAZIL - GERMANY NUCLEAR COOPERATION AGREEMENT Abstract. The article aims at analyzing the capitalist interests involved in the Brazilian nuclear project and the Brazil - Germany Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, established in 1975, during the Ernesto Geisel government. More specifically, it intends to discuss the participation of Siemens, a German business group that, through its subsidiary, Kraftwerk Union (KWU), was the main responsible for the construction of Angra II plant. Under the agreement, the Brazilian military government planned, in addition to expanding nuclear participation in the country’s energy matrix, the establishment of a national nuclear industrial park based on control over uranium enrichment. However, far from representing autonomy for Brazilian nuclear development, the nuclear agreement represented a deepening of economic and technological dependence, subordinating Brazilian nuclear policy to the interests of German private capital, in particular Siemens, as the main beneficiary. Keywords: Dictatorship; Nuclear Policy; Brazil - Germany Nuclear Agreement; Siemens. DICTADURA, POLÍTICA NUCLEAR E INTERESES COMERCIALES: PARTICIPACIÓN DE SIEMENS EN EL BRASIL - ACUERDO DE COOPERACIÓN NUCLEAR DE ALEMANIA Resumen. El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los intereses capitalistas involucrados em el proyecto nuclear brasileño y el Acuerdo de Cooperación Nuclear Brasil - Alemania, establecido en 1975, durante el gobierno de Ernesto Geisel. Más específicamente, tiene la intención de discutir la participación de Siemens, un grupo empresarial alemán que, através de su subsidiaria, Kraftwerk Union (KWU), fue el principal responsable de la construcción de la planta Angra II. Según el acuerdo, el gobierno militar brasileño planeó, además de expandir la participación nuclear em la matriz energética del país, la instalación de un parque industrial nuclear nacional basado em el control sobre el enriquecimiento de uranio. Sin embargo, lejos de representar la autonomía para el desarrollo nuclear brasileño, el acuerdo nuclear representó una profundización de la dependencia económica y tecnológica, subordinando la política nuclear brasileña a los intereses del capital privado alemán, en particular Siemens, el principal beneficiario. Palabras clave: Dictadura; Política nuclear; Acuerdo Nuclear Brasil - Alemania; Siemens
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