This paper discusses the variety of languages and the level of language competence required in job advertisements in Lithuania. The research is based on the data collected from on-line and hard-copy ...newspapers; job advertisements under investigation include those written in Lithuanian and other languages. The main findings suggest that in on-line advertisements employers require foreign language competence more often than those in the hard-copy adverts. It has also been observed that competence of two languages is of high demand. If employers require competence of 3 languages, the order of the languages is as follows: national (Lithuanian), lingua-franca (English), and others (Russian or Polish). Lithuanian is of high importance in job advertisements as employers tend to take into consideration the level of written and spoken Lithuanian. Finally, the data have revealed that in job advertisements language knowledge is described in very abstract terms, and references to the CEFR are hardly ever observed in the collected data.
U radu se na temelju autorova terenskog rada obrađuju novoštokavski ijekavski govori u Neretvanskoj krajini i Donjoj Hercegovini s osobitim naglaskom na promjene koje su posljedica migracijskih ...kretanja. Izno-se se bilježite naglasne, fonološke i morfološke značajke mjesnih govora upotpunjene istraživanjem povijesnih vrela kako bi se pokušalo rekon-struirati predmigracijsku dijalektnu sliku obrađenog područja. Iznose se i neke sociolingvističke činjenice bitne za razumijevanje suvremenog stanja.
U radu je riječ o govoru Janjevaca doseljenih migracijama devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća u Zagreb. Rad se temelji na istraživanju govora dvojice Janjevaca, jednoga starijega (85 g.) i jednoga ...mlađega (58 g.).1 Stariji govor-nik govori janjevačkim govorom2 s utjecajem drugih hrvatskih idioma, ali ne samo hrvatskih. Mlađi pak govornik govori višeslojnim jezičnim kompleksom – na njegov janjevački govor utjecali su hrvatski standardni jezik, tzv. razgovorni jezik, pa i kajkavski govori, a javljaju se i hibridni oblici. Riječ je o tipičnu sociolingvističkome stanju.
U prilogu se obrađuje lingvistički rad Dalibora Brozovića, uz napomene o drugim njegovim znanstvenim interesima. Naglašava se njegova svestranost, obradba sociolingvističkih, genetskolingvističkih i ...tipoloških tema te njegovo svestrano nastojanje da se što prikladnije opiše hrvatski jezik. Ocijenjeno je da je Dalibor Brozović značajno pridonio modernizaciji hrvatskoga jezikoslovlja i da je studiju hrvatskoga jezika prišao na novim općelingvističkim osnovama. Izraziti slavist i komparatist, plodno je proučavao i druge jezik, pa je mnogo unaprijedio tipologiju standardnih jezika u svjetskim razmjerima. U njegovu radu uočljiv je širok obuhvat kompetencije, moderan pristup problematici, smjelost i lucidnost istraživačkih kombinacija, rječit i odnjegovan stil.
The article seeks an answer to the question whether Russians, who speak Lithuanian and can be considered bilingual, are individuals of bicultural identity or whether they remain monocultural L2 ...users. In other words the issue is how much Lithuanian culture is important to the respondents of the target group. The data analyzed are quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews carried out during the project “Language Usage and National Identity in Lithuanian Cities” (2007-2009, supported by the State Studies Foundation). The data of quantitative surveys were processed by the SPSS program and then analyzed, while qualitative interviews were analyzed by the method of qualitative content analysis.The data leads to the presupposition that the Russians of the three biggest cities of Lithuania not only have conserved their national identity, but also have gained features of bicultural identity. They have multicultural competencies such as the knowledge of language and behavior, competences to act in the Lithuanian cultural context and also in the context of Russian culture. For Russian respondents Lithuania and Lithuanian culture in a broad sense are important and the tendency to identify with this culture is observed. More often it is tended to dissociate from the Lithuanian culture in a proper sense, it means from Lithuanian literature, art, customs, etc., but phenomena of adoption of Lithuanian culture can also be observed. So the cultural hybridity is characteristic of the respondents but does not create any dissatisfaction. The attitude towards the Lithuanian language is absolutely positive, the respondents claim to know the language and consider speaking Lithuanian as a very important fact for a successful integration into the Lithuanian society. They are proud of the Lithuanian language and they invite to protect it. To sum up, the knowledge of the Lithuanian language affects the changes of the respondents’ cultural identity and the bilingualism in Lithuania can be considered the stimulus (not necessarily a guarantee) of bicultural identity.
The surroundings of Adutiškis (district of Švenčionys, Lithuania) and Kamojys (district of Pastovys, Belarus) are analysed in this article as an integral habitat which has lived, until the last ...decade of the 20th century, in the conditions of intense Lithuanian and Belorussian bilingualism. The current borderline of Kamojys subdialect which includes a circle of only several kilometres around Adutiškis is mapped with reference to the material of the Archive of Dialects of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and to the records collected by the author, and the final stage of Lithuanian-Belorussian bilingualism is located in the subdialect itself.The author analyses the linguistic identity of the informants born in 1925-1940, in the background of Polonization, Russification and finally in conditions of dominance of the Lithuanian language. She accentuates the characteristics of the linguistic identity of inhabitants of Adutiškis – Kamojys habitat: 1) the inhabitants are bilingual, fluent in Lithuanian and local Belorussian languages; this binary system is interfered by the Polish and the Russian; 2) the linguistic identity is changing constantly: it adapts itself to the political conditions of the region and the social needs of the inhabitants; 3) the declared identity does not always coincide with the language used; a part of inhabitants do not indicate any identity at all.The article analyses the main factors related to the private sphere (family) and to the public life (education, religion, village community, administrative authority) which had a major impact on the formation of the linguistic identity during the second half of the 20th century. Three main stages of formation of the linguistic identity are singled out which can be represented in the following scheme: ethnic self-consciousness (family) → linguistic patriotism (school, church) → social control (village community, administrative authority).
The article presents the results of a sociolinguistic survey for Italian adoptive parents who have adopted Lithuanian children. The survey is part of an ongoing longitudinal psycholinguistic research ...on language development in internationally adopted children and it has been conducted in order to gather information about the speed, the level of language acquisition of the adopted children, the attitudes of the adoptive parents towards foreign languages, the assistance for the children learning Italian. The survey results reveal that the majority of the adopted children start to communicate in the new language in a couple of months after arriving in Italy and they reach a perfect or a very good level of Italian. About half of the surveyed children have received assistance when learning Italian from parents or teachers. A vast majority of the adoptive parents consider knowing foreign languages very important and would like their children not to forget Lithuanian (if acquired). Nevertheless, despite the efforts of the adoptive parents or the presence of siblings adopted together, nearly all children maintain no knowledge of Lithuanian after a year in Italy. The most important reasons for that are the desire to adapt to the new environment and the family. In a few cases adoptive parents have understood a clear refusal of the children of anything that had to do with their past, including the language.
