The author of this article divided the development of central public-interest enterprises into four stages according to the different emphases stressed in every period, thoroughly analyzed the ...actuality, achievement and problems and advanced opinions on the concept and reform aim of Chinese trademark system. It is dedicated to clarify some basic concepts relating to brand strategy, on the basis of which, analyze ways to build trademarks and the important role brand strategy plays in achieving sustainable development of enterprises.
Research Summary
An emerging form of remote work allows employees to work‐from‐anywhere, so that the worker can choose to live in a preferred geographic location. While traditional work‐from‐home ...(WFH) programs offer the worker temporal flexibility, work‐from‐anywhere (WFA) programs offer both temporal and geographic flexibility. WFA should be viewed as a nonpecuniary benefit likely to be preferred by workers who would derive greater utility by moving from their current geographic location to their preferred location. We study the effects of WFA on productivity at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and exploit a natural experiment in which the implementation of WFA was driven by negotiations between managers and the patent examiners' union, leading to exogeneity in the timing of individual examiners' transition from a work‐from‐home to a work‐from‐anywhere program. This transition resulted in a 4.4% increase in output without affecting the incidence of rework. We also report results related to a plausible mechanism: an increase in observable effort as the worker transitions from a WFH to a WFA program. We employ illustrative field interviews, micro‐data on locations, and machine learning analysis to shed further light on geographic flexibility, and summarize worker, firm, and economy‐wide implications of provisioning WFA.
Managerial Summary
Work‐from‐anywhere is an emerging form of remote work, in which workers are awarded geographic flexibility, that is, the flexibility to choose where to live. We study the productivity effects of workers moving from a work‐from‐home (WFH) to a work‐from‐anywhere (WFA) regime at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Exploiting a natural experiment, we find that the transition from WFH to WFA resulted in a 4.4% increase in employee output, with no increase in rework. We also report an increase in employee effort after the transition to WFA and document qualitative evidence on how geographic flexibility benefits individual workers and the USPTO (e.g., real estate savings).
► Estimation of the market value of both patents and trademarks. ► Application of Tobin's
q framework to analyze the value of intangible assets. ► Identification and empirical validation of trademark ...value indicators. ► Trademark oppositions filed against other firms reflect trademark value. ► Discussion of trademarks as a way to protect marketing assets.
This paper investigates the effects of trademarks on the market value of firms. The results show that trademarks have a positive effect on firm value. Next, the firms’ market values are regressed on indicators of trademark value such as trademark seniorities, the number of oppositions filed, and the number of product and services classes covered. We found that they at least partially reflect trademark value.
•The TCE and PFI perspectives have different predictions regarding firms’ technology sourcing strategy when they own valuable trademarks.•Consistent with the TCE perspective, firms with highly ...valuable trademarks are less likely to pursue external technology sourcing.•Firms are likely to have lower innovation performance if they have valuable trademarks and commercialize an external technology.•Firms with valuable trademarks are more likely to commercialize external technology when they are entering a new industry.
In this article, I study the relationship between valuable trademarks and a firm’s technology sourcing strategy. The Profiting from Innovation (PFI) and Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) perspectives have generated competing predictions regarding firms’ historical stock of valuable trademarks and their decision to pursue external technology sourcing. To conduct the empirical analysis, I use a sample of innovator firms in the manufacturing sectors from the Division of Innovative Labor survey, matched to the USPTO trademark data. Consistent with the TCE perspective, I find that firms with valuable trademarks are less likely to commercialize external inventions, and are likely to have lower innovation performance if they do so. I further show a boundary condition for PFI such that when firms are new entrants to an industry but already holding valuable trademarks, they are more likely to commercialize external innovations.
Herein, we design and prepare cellulose-based ratiometric fluorescent materials with superior amine-response, which offers the real-time and visual detection of seafood freshness. Through utilizing ...the reactive hydroxyl groups along cellulose chains, we covalently immobilize the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as indicator and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as internal reference onto cellulose acetate (CA), respectively. Subsequently, a series of dual-emission solid fluorescent materials are achieved by simply blending green emitting CA-FITC with red-emitting CA-PpIX with varying ratios. They exhibit a sensitive, color-responsive, rapid and linear response to ammonia in a wide range of 5.0 ppm to 2.5 × 10
ppm. Benefiting from the excellent solubility and processibility of cellulose derivatives, the as-prepared materials are readily processed into different material forms, including printing ink, coating, flexible film, and nanofibrous membrane. The electrospun nanofibrous membrane is successfully employed as a low-cost, high-contrasting, quick-responsive fluorescent trademark for visual monitoring the freshness of shrimp and crab.
The concept of 'substantial identity' has not been the subject of sustained critical inquiry in Australian trade mark law, notwithstanding that it plays a crucial role in relation to trade mark ...ownership, non-use, amendments to representations, and the criminal offences. The first part of this two-part article reveals, through novel doctrinal analysis, how over the course of the twentieth century a settled, strict interpretation of substantial identity took shape in Australian trade mark law. This orthodox interpretation was recently disrupted by the Full Court of the Federal Court in Accor Australia and New Zealand Hospitality Pty Ltd v Liv Pty Ltd and Pham Global Pty Ltd v Insight Clinical Imaging Pty Ltd. In these decisions the Court reinterpreted earlier High Court authority to set up a new, significantly more expansive test of substantial identity - one that is already starting to have a major, and concerning, impact throughout Australia's trade marks system.
In natural scenes, it is an important and challenging task to improve the accuracy while maintaining the real-time capability of trademark detection. For the needs of real-time trademark detection in ...natural scenes, a method called LOGO-YOLOv3 based on improved YOLOv3 is proposed in this paper. Channel attention and spatial attention mechanisms are introduced into the Darknet53 feature extraction network. And an additional layer is added to the detection layer, which will be combined with the original three detection layers of YOLOv3 to construct a feature pyramid networks containing four detection layers with different scales. This method can not only greatly reduce the false detection of trademarks in complex scenes, but also deal with the problem of large differences in the size of different types of trademarks. Experiments on the Flickrlogos-32 dataset show that the proposed method outperform the original YOLOv3 in general.
Trade marks lower the search costs of consumers by providing a convenient mental shortcut for whether a product is likely to have desirable or undesirable qualities; a well-known trade mark is thus ...valuable in part because it provides a substantial reduction in consumer search costs. This article argues that technological progress - in particular, the rise of the internet - has led to a widespread reduction in consumer search costs, and that this has consequently diminished (and will continue to diminish) the value of some well-known trade marks because they now provide a comparatively smaller reduction in search costs. The article discusses a range of empirical studies which suggest that this trend has already had an observable impact on trade mark value in some areas, and considers how the impact of this trend is likely to vary between different trade marks.
•We propose a branding strategy approach to identify trademarks related to innovation.•Trademarks for brand creation relate more often to product innovation.•Trademarks with narrow industry scope ...relate more often to product innovation.•Trademarks with narrow geographical scope relate more often to service innovation.•Information in trademark records substituted patent matching to identify innovation.
The use of trademark data in innovation studies is still limited because as yet no guidelines exist to ascertain which trademarks relate to innovation. This paper proposes that a branding strategy approach may help to identify innovation related trademarks. Companies use distinctive branding strategies for innovation and these branding strategies have important consequences for the design of new trademarks and their application scope. Based on a sample of Benelux and Community trademarks, we find that trademarks for brand creation relate more often to product innovation. In addition, we find negative effects of a trademark’s industry scope on its relatedness to product innovation, and of a trademark’s geographic scope on its relatedness to service innovation. Our findings bear several key implications for further research towards identifying innovation-related trademarks from a branding strategy perspective.
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