Infringing use of trade marks by parallel importers - statutory defences for parallel imports - unintended sales of parallel imported goods is use of mark attributable trade mark to owner - question ...of genuine use - case law.
Abstract Purpose This article reviews the clinical pharmacology, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability, drug interactions, and dosing and ...administration of cobicistat. Methods Searches of MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1964 to February 2015 were conducted using the search terms cobicistat and GS-9350 . Relevant information was extracted from the identified clinical trials and review articles. Abstracts from the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (2014–2015) and the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (2013–2014) were also searched. Findings Cobicistat is a PK enhancer lacking antiviral activity that, via selective cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 3A inhibition, inhibits the metabolism of certain antiretroviral medications and is used for prolonging their effect. Cobicistat has been studied as a booster of elvitegravir, a second-generation integrase inhibitor, and of the protease inhibitors atazanavir and darunavir. Data on its clinical efficacy and tolerability have been presented in 2 Phase II trials and in 9 Phase III trials, which reported durable efficacy in terms of achievement of sustained suppression of HIV-1 RNA levels to <50 copies/mL for at least 48 weeks. Cobicistat was generally well-tolerated in these studies. Cobicistat may increase serum creatinine levels via the inhibition of proximal renal tubular cell transporters and thus reduce estimated glomerular filtration rate, although it does not appear to affect actual glomerular filtration rate. Given the potent CYP3A inhibition by cobicistat, its coadministration with drugs metabolized by CYP3A may result in increased plasma concentrations of such agents. Moreover, as cobicistat is metabolized predominantly by CYP3A, plasma concentrations may increase or decrease on coadministration with CYP3A inhibitors or inducers, respectively. Implications With potent durability through 48 weeks, a tolerability profile comparable to other first- and second-line antiretroviral therapies, and a convenient dosing schedule with low daily pill burden in fixed-dose combination tablets, cobicistat is a potential addition to the management of HIV infection as a PK enhancer. However, the effects of cobicistat on serum creatinine and its considerable drug-interaction potential may warrant additional monitoring.
Historical keyword: Tabloid MacFarlane, Ross
The Lancet (British edition),
01/2009, Volume:
373, Issue:
9659
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Inspiration struck early one morning in 1884: after passing through his mind combinations of letters and syllables, Wellcome hit upon tabloid- a combination of two words: tablet and ovoid (although ...some sources claim alkaloid).
We analyze the patent filing strategies of foreign pharmaceutical companies in Chile distinguishing between "primary" (active ingredient) and "secondary" patents (patents on modified compounds, ...formulations, dosages, particular medical uses, etc.). There is prior evidence that secondary patents are used by pharmaceutical originator companies in the U.S. and Europe to extend patent protection on drugs in length and breadth. Using a novel dataset that comprises all drugs registered in Chile between 1991 and 2010 as well as the corresponding patents and trademarks, we find evidence that foreign originator companies pursue similar strategies in Chile. We find a primary to secondary patents ratio of 1:4 at the drug-level, which is comparable to the available evidence for Europe; most secondary patents are filed over several years following the original primary patent and after the protected active ingredient has obtained market approval in Chile. This points toward effective patent term extensions through secondary patents. Secondary patents dominate "older" therapeutic classes like anti-ulcer and anti-depressants. In contrast, newer areas like anti-virals and anti-neoplastics (anti-cancer) have a much larger share of primary patents.
With the shift from an industry-based society to a knowledge-based one, there has been a gradual increase in the importance of intangible assets such as technologies and information. Patents are a ...representative intellectual outcome of intangible assets and can be used as an objective measure of the level of technology or innovation of individuals, firms, and countries. In addition, patents can be regarded as a rich source of data for the provision of technological and commercial information. Patent data facilitate research on technological advances and innovation; hence, an analysis of this data can provide important insights into innovation activity and technology management strategies. This paper presents a method for extracting core technologies from core fuel cell vehicle (FCV) patents registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office by using a data mining technique. Core patents are determined by analyzing patent citations, and the data mining technique identifies those firms with core FCV technologies and reveals the overall research focus of the firms by deriving patent portfolios and and technology recommendations considering the extracted core technologies.
•Combining direct and indirect citations in a linear relationship to identify core patents•Extracting core technologies from core patents by using text mining techniques•Identifying portfolio strategies of distinguished firms•Recommending a technology to firms by using social information filtering
Purpose
This study aims to analyse the intellectual property rights (INPR), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and technological exports of 32 developing and developed countries for the period ...of 2006–2020.
Design/methodology/approach
Diagnostic tests were used to confirm the panel least squares, fixed effect, random effect, feasible general least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares and fully modified ordinary least squares estimator results as well as to increase the robustness.
Findings
According to the findings for the developing countries, trademark, patent and industrial design applications, each had a significant positive long-run effect on FDI inflows. In addition, there was a significant positive long-run relationship between patent applications and medium- and high-technology exports. Meanwhile, trademark and industrial design applications had a significant negative long-term effect on medium- and high-technology exports. In developed countries, patent and industrial design applications each have a significant negative long-term on medium- and high-technology exports. Furthermore, patent and trademark applications each had a significant negative long-run effect on FDI inflows.
Originality/value
This study contributes significantly to the focus that host countries evaluate the technology gaps between domestic and foreign investors at different industry levels to select the best INPR rules and innovation process by increasing international cooperation. Furthermore, the host countries should follow the structure–conduct–performance paradigm based on analysis of the market structure, strategic firms and industrial dynamics systems.
This article examines an increasingly common practice of companies, the effort to establish strong ties between their brands and consumers. In this examination we apply the ideas of brand personality ...developed by Aaker (1997), according to which the attribution of human characteristics to brands is fundamental. From this perspective, we seek to understand the ontic condition of brands, through investigation of Movimento, a leading Brazilian beachwear brand, to discover "who" Movimento is based on the characteristics that constitute its personality in the vision consumers. The investigation is an exploratory qualitative study, based on in-depth interviews scrutinized through functional discourse analysis. The results indicate fourteen categories, with two component profiles of the ontic characteristics of the brand. These findings suggest the existence of theoretical implications about the relationship between brands and consumers, as well as providing insights into brand positioning strategy.
Abstract
Fierce, ever-increasing competition has prompted universities to pay more attention to their academic brand. Since the 1980s, top Chinese universities have begun to register trademarks and ...manage academic brands. After more than 20 years of hard work, what have they achieved? This paper, which conducts research based on big data on the trademarks and litigation of the 42 first-class universities, is the first systematic analysis of the trademark practices and strategies of Chinese universities. Our data show the following dimensions of top Chinese universities: the timing of the first trademark application, core trademark, non-core trademarks, trademark elements, distribution of trademarks in the Nice Classification, number of trademarks, legal status, and trademark litigation. Additionally, several typical universities, offering both positive and negative examples, were studied. Through the above analysis, we found that the application has some blind spots, there is a lack of initiative in trademark litigation, and the trademark management systems in universities are not considered relevant. To solve these problems, a range of suggestions from macro to micro is offered to help universities formulate a systematic and reasonable trademark protection strategy, strengthen the legal protection of their trademark rights, and improve their internal trademark management system.
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