Whenever States use force in their international relations, interstate assistance is a vital component. The book clarifies the regulation of interstate assistance to a use of force under ...international law. It comprehensively reviews the relevant practice of States in United Nations resolutions, in international treaties and in more than 25 armed conflicts - from the Korean War to the current Ukraine war. It situates the regulation within the historic development of the ius contra bellum and contextualizes it with general rules of international law on complicity. Thereby, the book also sheds light on ambiguities of the regulation, thus providing the basis for more transparency and explicit discourse among both practitioners and scholars.
Unbounded norm topology in Banach lattices Kandić, M.; Marabeh, M.A.A.; Troitsky, V.G.
Journal of mathematical analysis and applications,
07/2017, Volume:
451, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A net (xα) in a Banach lattice X is said to un-converge to a vector x if ‖|xα−x|∧u‖→0 for every u∈X+. In this paper, we investigate un-topology, i.e., the topology that corresponds to un-convergence. ...We show that un-topology agrees with the norm topology iff X has a strong unit. Un-topology is metrizable iff X has a quasi-interior point. Suppose that X is order continuous, then un-topology is locally convex iff X is atomic. An order continuous Banach lattice X is a KB-space iff its closed unit ball BX is un-complete. For a Banach lattice X, BX is un-compact iff X is an atomic KB-space. We also study un-compact operators and the relationship between un-convergence and weak*-convergence.
The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the most up‐to‐date international legal instrument concerning the rights of persons with disabilities. Such ...persons are taken to include those with serious mental disorders. According to an authoritative interpretation of a crucial Article (Article 12 ‐ Equal recognition before the law) by the UN CRPD Committee, involuntary detention and treatment of people with mental health disabilities are prohibited under the Convention. Both conventional mental health law and “capacity‐based” law are deemed to violate the Convention. However, some other UN bodies are not in full agreement (for example, the UN Human Rights Committee and the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), while others are less explicitly absolutist (for example, the Human Rights Council). Furthermore, strong criticisms of the position of the CRPD Committee have been mounted from a number of academic quarters. These criticisms center on whether the role of a person's ability to make a decision can be ignored, no matter the circumstances. Much of the above debate turns on the concept of “legal capacity” and the now often‐repeated precept that one must always respect the “will and preferences” of the person with a disability. However, “will and preferences” remains undefined. In this paper, I offer an analysis of “will and preferences” that can clarify interventions that may be acceptable or non‐acceptable under the terms of the UN Convention.
Exergoeconomics has played an important role in the study of new energy systems in the last decades. The use of exergy as a “carrier of value” has made it possible to define an unambiguous criterion ...for allocating costs among energy systems products. The paper shows how exergoecomic procedures of analytical optimization and design improvement on heuristic basis have been progressively replaced by more efficient procedures aimed at minimizing an objective cost function, leaving exergoecomic cost evaluation as the final step. It also highlights how growing concerns about climate change and the continued growth of inequalities in energy availability have broadened the set of objectives in the search for the optimal integration of the design and operation of energy conversion units and network with intelligent methodologies to reduce energy demands. The objective of the article is twofold: i) present the evolution of the main Exergoeconomic methods and show how they have paved the way for Thermo-X Optimization methods; and ii) outline the path for developing a general model of society's entire energy system that includes a broader set of objectives and constraints in addition to economic ones to help build the energy system of the future with a more sustainable perspective.
•It is shown how Exergoeconomic procedures paved the way to Thermo-X Optimizations.•The paper outlines the path towards a general model of society's entire energy system.•The need to avoid wastes to reduce energy demand in wealthier nations is stressed.
UN-UO 2 composites are considered an accident tolerant fuel (ATF) option for light water reactors (LWRs). However, the interactions between UN and UO2 and the low oxidation resistance of UN limit the ...application of such ATF composite concept in LWRs. A potential alternative to overcome these issues is encapsulating the UN fuel before sintering. Based on our recent studies, molybdenum and tungsten are selected to encapsulate UN spheres. In this article, different coating techniques, such as powder coating, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), and physical vapour deposition (PVD), were developed and applied to encapsulate surrogates and UN spheres. Encapsulated UN-UO 2 pellets fabricated by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method (1773 K, 80 MPa) were characterised by complementary techniques and evaluated against their oxidation resistance in air up to 973 K. The results show inert, dense, and non-uniform Mo and W layers of about 28 μm and 32 μm, respectively, obtained by the powder coating method. PVD provided uniform and dense layers of Mo and W of approximately 1.0 μm and 4.0 μm, respectively, but with cracks at the interface with the surrogate spheres. PVD-Mo onto UN spheres shows a dense and well-adhered layer of about 0.5 μm but with W contamination from the previous coating. The PVD-W and CVD-W results and the oxidation experiments will be in the final version of this manuscript.
Treba li nam UN? Šimonović, Ivan
Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu,
2023, Volume:
73, Issue:
2-3
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
UN je na prekretnici. Trendovi u pogledu triju stupova na kojima počiva, mira i sigurnosti, razvoja, i ljudskih prava, negativni su. Riječ je o paradoksu: globalna koordinacija i upravljanje nikada ...nisu bili važniji – istodobno, UN nikada nije bio manje relevantan. UN očito treba bolje prilagoditi novim izazovima, ali, promijeniti njegovu Povelju je vrlo teško jer se za to traži dvotrećinska većina i suglasnost svih pet stalnih članica VS-a. Zato UN treba, koliko je god to moguće, pokušati reformirati putem inovativnih rješenja koja (premda ih izričito ne spominje) slijede duh Povelje, kao i kroz kreativnu interpretaciju njezinih odredaba te savjetodavna mišljenja Međunarodnog suda pravde. Bez obzira na kreativnost, to ipak ima ograničeni domet, te stoga treba razmišljati i o mogućnosti radikalne reforme UN-a, te alternativnim modelima globalne koordinacije i upravljanja, razraditi odgovarajuće prijedloge te nadati se da će se zvijezde ipak jednom posložiti za njihovo prihvaćanje.
Green building (GB) projects have attracted wide attention in the construction industry in recent years owing to numerous benefits of green practices for sustainable development. However, existing ...research efforts on GB project risk management are very limited, and no prior in-depth research has focused on studying the risk interdependencies in GB projects from the perspectives of both the project life cycle and multiple project risks. This paper begins by identifying and distinguishing GB project constraints from multiple GB project risks using a systematic literature review and then investigates, based on the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method, the risk interdependencies taking into account the identified 16 constraint factors, 22 risk factors and 11 objectives throughout a GB project life cycle. The importance of constraints and risk factors associated with GB project objectives was calculated based on the influence transmission through network paths in the established ISM-based model. In addition, the Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée á un Classement (MICMAC) approach was used to analyze the drive and dependence powers of risk interdependency elements. Critical constraints and risk factors in the implementation of GB projects can be obtained from the proposed risk analysis model, which contributes to an in-depth risk perception of GB projects for industry practitioners and facilitates GB project risk management in a more effective way.
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