Access to the scientific literature is perceived to be a challenge to the biodiversity conservation community, but actual level of literature access relative to needs has never been assessed ...globally. We examined this question by surveying the constituency of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a proxy for the conservation community, generating 2,285 responses. Of these respondents, ~97% need to use the scientific literature in order to support their IUCN-related conservation work, with ~50% needing to do so at least once per week. The crux of the survey revolved around the question, "How easy is it for you currently to obtain the scientific literature you need to carry out your IUCN-related work?" and revealed that roughly half (49%) of the respondents find it not easy or not at all easy to access scientific literature. We fitted a binary logistic regression model to explore factors predicting ease of literature access. Whether the respondent had institutional literature access (55% do) is the strongest predictor, with region (Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and sex (male) also significant predictors. Approximately 60% of respondents from Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have institutional access compared to ~50% in Asia and Latin America, and ~40% in Eastern Europe and in Africa. Nevertheless, accessing free online material is a popular means of accessing literature for both those with and without institutional access. The four journals most frequently mentioned when asked which journal access would deliver the greatest improvements to the respondent's IUCN-related work were Conservation Biology, Biological Conservation, Nature, and Science. The majority prefer to read journal articles on screen but books in hard copy. Overall, it is apparent that access to the literature is a challenge facing roughly half of the conservation community worldwide.
O trabalho parte da consideração da literatura como direito fundamental do homem, passando a analisar a dimensão literária e o imaginário feminino presentes em Quarto de despejo, de Carolina Maria de ...Jesus, a fim de evidenciar a habilidade da autora na criação de representações muito ricas do seu cotidiano miserável, e com isso contestar a consideração usual do texto como sendo um mero documentário sobre a fome no Brasil dos anos 50. Procurando evidenciar a existência de uma censura implícita por parte dos mediadores culturais, encarregada de impedir que uma mulher subalterna possa ser considerada escritora, e relegando-a ao âmbito do mero protesto, conclui-se que a palavra de Carolina, eco de muitas vozes autorizadas, enriquece a cena literária brasileira contemporânea, dando-lhe maior representatividade.
This study is base don't he under standing of literature as a fundamental human right. It analyses the literary dimension and the feminine imagery that are found in Beyondall pity by Carolina Maria de Jesus. Our goal is to highlight the author's skill to create resourceful representations of her miserable daily routine and through this oppose to the usual perception of her text as a bare documentary on Brazil's starvation in the 1950s. We tried to point out that there was some implicit censor ship among cultural mediators to prevent a subaltern woman from being seen as a writer, so that she would only find a place in the mere protest scene. Therefore, we under stand that Carolina's work found echo of many authorized voices and thus enriches Brazilian contemporary literary scene with greater representativeness.
O trabalho parte da consideração da literatura como direito fundamental do homem, passando a analisar a dimensão literária e o imaginário feminino presentes em Quarto de despejo, de Carolina Maria de ...Jesus, a fim de evidenciar a habilidade da autora na criação de representações muito ricas do seu cotidiano miserável, e com isso contestar a consideração usual do texto como sendo um mero documentário sobre a fome no Brasil dos anos 50. Procurando evidenciar a existência de uma censura implícita por parte dos mediadores culturais, encarregada de impedir que uma mulher subalterna possa ser considerada escritora, e relegando-a ao âmbito do mero protesto, conclui-se que a palavra de Carolina, eco de muitas vozes autorizadas, enriquece a cena literária brasileira contemporânea, dando-lhe maior representatividade.
Summary
Objectives To evaluate final year medical students’ access to new medical information.
Method Cross‐sectional survey of final year medical students at the University of Nairobi using ...anonymous, self‐administered questionnaires.
Results Questionnaires were distributed to 85% of a possible 343 students and returned by 44% (152). Half reported having accessed some form of new medical information within the previous 12 months, most commonly from books and the internet. Few students reported regular access; and specific, new journal articles were rarely accessed. Absence of internet facilities, slow internet speed and cost impeded access to literature; and current training seems rarely to encourage students to seek new information.
Conclusion Almost half the students had not accessed any new medical information in their final year in medical school. This means they are ill prepared for a career that may increasingly demand life‐long, self‐learning.
Objectifs: Évaluer l’accès à de nouvelles informations médicales pour les étudiants en dernière année de médecine.
Méthode: Etude transversale sur les étudiants de dernière année de médecine à l’Université de Nairobi en utilisant questionnaires anonymes auto‐administrés.
Résultats: Les questionnaires ont été distribués à 85% de 343 étudiants et retournés par 44% (152) d’entre eux. La moitié ont déclaré avoir eu accès à une certaine forme de nouvelle information médicale au cours des 12 précédents mois, le plus souvent à partir de livres et de l’Internet. Peu d’étudiants ont rapporté un accès régulier et de nouveaux articles de revues spécifiques sont rarement accessibles. L’absence de services Internet, la lenteur du débit Internet et le coût entravaient l’accès à la littérature et la formation actuelle semble rarement encourager les étudiants à rechercher de nouvelles informations.
Conclusion: Près de la moitié des étudiants n’avaient pas accédéà une nouvelle information médicale au cours de leur dernière année à la faculté de médecine. Cela signifie qu’ils sont mal préparés à une carrière qui pourrait requérir de plus en plus l’auto apprentissage au long de la vie.
Objetivos: Evaluar el acceso de estudiantes de último año de medicina a nueva información médica.
Método: Estudio croseccional entre estudiantes de ultimo año de medicina de la Universidad de Nairobi utilizando cuestionarios anónimos, auto‐administrados.
Resultados: Se distribuyeron cuestionarios al 85% de los posibles 343 estudiantes y un 44% (152) los devolvió. La mitad reportaron haber tenido acceso a algún tipo de información médica nueva dentro de los 12 meses anteriores, principalmente a través de libros y de Internet. Algunos estudiantes reportaron tener acceso regular; los nuevos artículos de revistas científicas específicas eran raramente accedidos. La ausencia de instalaciones con Internet, una velocidad de conexión a Internet lenta y los costes, impedían el acceso a literatura. Adicionalmente la educación recibida en la actualidad parecería raramente fomentar a los estudiantes a buscar información nueva y reciente.
Conclusión: Casi la mitad de los estudiantes no habían accedido a ningún tipo de información médica nueva durante su último año de medicina. Esto quiere decir que su preparación deja mucho que desear en una profesión que requiere cada vez más de un auto‐aprendizaje contínuo durante toda la vida.
Background: Less than 2% of scientific publications originate in low-income countries. Transfer of information from South to North and from South to South is grossly limited and hinders understanding ...of global health, while Northern-generated information fails to adequately address the needs of a Southern readership.
Methods: A survey of a new generation of health researchers from nine low-income countries was conducted using a combination of email questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Data were gathered on personal experiences, use and aspirations regarding access and contribution to published research.
Results: A total of 23 individuals from 9 countries responded. Preference for journal use over textbooks was apparent, however a preference for print over online formats was described among African respondents compared to respondents from other areas. Almost all respondents (96%) described ambition to publish in international journals, but cited English language as a significant barrier.
Conclusion: The desire to contribute to and utilise contemporary scientific debate appears to be strong among study respondents. However, longstanding barriers remain in place and innovative thinking and new publishing models are required to overcome them.
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