With growing interest in electrification from clean energy technologies, such as wind power and use of pure electric powertrains in various applications, the demand for next-generation, ...high-performance magnetic materials has risen significantly. Electrical machine design for these applications is facing challenges in terms of meeting very demanding metrics for power densities and conversion efficiencies, thereby motivating the exploration of advanced materials and manufacturing for the next generation of lightweight ultraefficient electric machines. Additive manufacturing (AM), a layer-by-layer three dimensional (3D) printing technology, opens up new venues of improvements for industrial manufacturing of electrical machines via near-net shape printing of complex geometries, reduction of parts count and production lead time, and conservation of expensive critical materials such as rare-earth magnets as well as nanocrystalline and amorphous soft magnetic composites, allowing their use in only critical regions required by desired properties of the printed parts. The magnetic, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the magnetic materials are also greatly influenced by the selection of the AM method. Among the seven major American Standard Testing and Materials-defined standard modes of 3D printing, selective laser melting, fused deposition modeling, and binder jetting technology dominate the AM processing of soft magnetic materials and their integration in electrical machines. In this work, the state of the art in printability and performance characteristics of soft magnetic materials for electric machines is summarized and discussed. The prospects of soft magnetic materials selection in terms of price, printability, weight, and performance of the electrical machines are also discussed. This review highlights the current status of AM of large electrical machines, AM process selection guidelines, hybrid printing technologies, and the associated opportunities and challenges. An emphasis is put on multimaterial processing that is essential for electrical machines. Hybrid printing technologies that combine multiple AM processes with adequate automation and enable simultaneous multimaterials dispensing, real-time quality control, postprocessing, and surface finish with integrated subtractive computer numeric control machining are the requirements for progressing toward the end-user electrical machines.
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•Perspective of additive manufacturing (AM) of soft magnetic materials.•AM processing of magnetic materials and their integration in electrical machines.•Selective laser melting, fused deposition modeling, and binder jetting technology.•Magnetic, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of printed parts.•Promise for fabricating all 3D printed motors with improved efficiencies.
This study utilized laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) to fabricate Ti–5Al–2Sn–2Zr–4Mo–4Cr (Ti17) specimens, exploring their ultrahigh strength microstructural strengthening mechanisms and examining heat ...treatment effects on α lamellae and related mechanical property trends. In the as-deposited LPBF-Ti17, α lamellae features extremely fine dimensions, with an average lamellar thickness of 45 nm, and comprises approximately 52.2% of total volume. This finely dispersed α lamellar microstructure provides numerous α/β phase interfaces, enabling LPBF-Ti17 mechanical properties to reach ultra-high strengths close to 1500 MPa. During heat treatment, the Ostwald ripening mechanism primarily drives growth in α-phase lamellar thickness. The rate of α lamellar thickness growth reaches its peak between 650 °C and 700 °C. The main dislocation distribution of LPBF-Ti17 lies at α lamellae edges, adjacent to β phase, and dislocation density diminishes with rising heat treatment temperature. Concurrently, the Termination migration mechanism causes α lamellae ends to become progressively rounded from sharp features with increasing heat treatment temperature. The increase in α lamellar thickness and reduction in dislocation density collectively contribute to the effective enhancement of Ti17 plasticity.
•An ultrahigh strength LPBF-Ti17 alloy with moderate plasticity was fabricated.•Interface and precipitation strengthening are the primary strengthening mechanisms.•Heat treatment affect α lamellar thickness, shape and dislocation to enhance plasticity.
Permanent magnets (PMs) power several industrial technologies that enable our modern society and high standards of living. As such technology becomes more advanced and widespread, the demand for ...PM-based motors and generator increases, and thus the demand for PMs themselves increases. Additive manufacturing (AM) could be an attractive method for manufacturing PMs, as it minimizes the use and waste of critical, supply-limited rare earth materials and enables near-net-shape printing of complex geometries. In this work, the critical roles that PMs play, as well as the challenges and difficulties in utilizing them, are discussed. The conventional manufacturing processes for PMs are explored, and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. The advantages of AM are briefly introduced. Then, a survey of the major PM materials is provided, which introduces the major magnet families and summarizes their material properties. The benefits and advantages of AM over conventional methods in creating PMs are explored in detail. After that, the AM processes that have been used to manufacture PMs are reviewed, and the AM research efforts relating to each type of these PMs are explored. The magnetic and thermal properties of AM of PMs are reported in detail. For example, printed Nd2Fe14B magnets with suitable polymers can be operated at as high as 175 °C with improved corrosion resistance. There is a focus in this paper on the use of AM PMs on wind turbine generators and large electrical machines across all sections. The future outlook of the use of AM processes for PM manufacturing is also provided.
•Perspective of additive manufacturing (AM) of hard magnetic materials.•AM processing of magnetic materials and their integration in electrical machines.•Magnetic, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of printed parts.•AM magnets outperformed traditional injection molded magnets.•Promise for fabricating all 3D printed motors and generators with improved efficiencies.
Microfluidic water‐in‐oil droplets are a versatile tool for biological and biochemical applications due to the advantages of extremely small monodisperse reaction vessels in the pL–nL range. A key ...factor for the successful dissemination of this technology to life science laboratory users is the ability to produce microfluidic droplet generators and related accessories by low‐entry barrier methods, which enable rapid prototyping and manufacturing of devices with low instrument and material costs. The direct, experimental side‐by‐side comparison of three commonly used additive manufacturing (AM) methods, namely fused deposition modeling (FDM), inkjet printing (InkJ), and stereolithography (SLA), is reported. As a benchmark, micromilling (MM) is used as an established method. To demonstrate which of these methods can be easily applied by the non‐expert to realize applications in topical fields of biochemistry and microbiology, the methods are evaluated with regard to their limits for the minimum structure resolution in all three spatial directions. The suitability of functional SLA and MM chips to replace classic SU‐8 prototypes is demonstrated on the basis of representative application cases.
Due to their small, well controllable volumes, microfluidically produced water‐in‐oil droplets are increasingly being applied in chemistry and biomedical sciences. Low entry barrier methods for the production of functional droplet generator structures are compared in terms of precision and applications for enzyme kinetics and cell encapsulation.
In article directions of development of vegetable production on the basis of an assessment of the growth dynamics of cultivated areas of vegetables in dehkan farms of the Republic of Tajikistan. In ...particular, factor analysis, index method, and found that the growth of the gross harvest of vegetables mainly driven by growth in acreage and yield growth, and therefore it is justified as the development direction of the necessity of transition to an additive method of management.
One approach to Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) builds upon the ongoing experimental effort (FRX-L) to generate a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) target plasma suitable for translation and ...cylindrical-liner (i.e., converging flux conserver) implosion. Numerical modeling is underway to elucidate key performance drivers for possible future power-plant extrapolations. The fusion gain, Q (ratio of DT fusion yield to the sum of initial liner kinetic energy plus plasma formation energy), sets the power-plant duty cycle for a nominal design electric power e.g. 1,000 MWe(net). A pulsed MTF power plant of this type derives from the historic Fast Liner Reactor (FLR) concept and shares attributes with the recent Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) Z-pinch and laser-driven pellet HYLIFE-II conceptual designs.
•Additive manufacturing method is used for lung patterned compact PHE for the first time.•Experimental tests of a lung pattern on plate surface have been successfully performed.•The novel PHE guides ...in reducing the number of plates and volume.•It shows superior hot-side performance over reference studies.
Today, compact PHEs produced by additive manufacturing method have emerged when high heat transfer and low-pressure drop are required from PHEs under high temperature and pressure operating conditions. This has resulted in attention to the design of the plate surface geometry. In this study, a PHE of compact class of which plate surface has a lung pattern was fabricated by additive manufacturing method for their purpose of pressure drop reduction and improvement of heat transfer. The novel compact PHE was tested under single-phase water flow conditions. In addition, the thermal performance of the designed PHE was investigated numerically. As a result of the study, the hot side heat transfer rate of the lung patterned PHE was reported as 3206.06W and 2891.36W, with a 10% deviation according to the experimental and numerical results, respectively. For a water-to-water PHE, a good performance and pressure drop has been achieved by using the geometric features of the existing commercial PHEs, such as the minimum plate thickness (0.5mm) and the distance between two plates (1.5mm), in the developed design. Thus, the number of plates and the volume of the PHE can be reduced for the same amount of heat transfer in commercial PHEs. In addition, this study provides indications of the importance of plate surface geometry design for compact PHEs produced by additive manufacturing.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanical properties, surface toughness, accuracy of dimension and corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy prepared by additive manufacturing ...method using electron beam as the energy sauce. A product having good internal quality, surface quality is provided by choosing current conditions of the electron beam appropriately. The mechanical properties are a rolling product level without heat treatment. If there are even metal powder and 3D data by using the additive manufacturing method, this method can produce complicated products and the superior characteristics like statement above without a mold. However, the manufacturing cost is higher by from 10 times to 100 times than the conventional manufacturing processes. Therefore, the mechanical property, physical property, shape and product cost has to be taken into consideration for a product enough when we choose this additive manufacturing method.
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