Trihalomethanes (THMs) are classified as volatile organic compounds, considered to be a disinfection by-product during water disinfection process. THMs have been shown to be cytotoxic, genotoxic and ...mutagenic, with a risk of cancer when they contact with people directly. To protect public health and monitor water quality, it is important to monitor and measure THMs in drinking water. Therefore, it is crucial to develop fast, accurate, highly sensitivity and green analysis methods of THMs in various complicated matrices. Here, this review presents an overall summary of the current state of the pretreatment and detection methods for THMs in various sample matrices since 2005. In addition to the traditionally used pretreatment methods for THMs (such as headspace extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, liquid-liquid extraction), the new-developed methods, including solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS and different microextraction methods, have been summarized. The detection methods include gas chromatography-based methods, sensors and several other approaches. Additionally, benefits and limitations of different techniques were also discussed and compared. This study is anticipated to offer fruitful insights into the further advancement and widespread applications of pretreatment and detection technologies for THMs as well as for related substances.
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•Advances in pretreatment and detection methods of THMs in water samples are reviewed.•The future trends of state-of-the-art techniques are thoroughly discussed.•Simple, fast, green microextraction techniques are raising substantial interest.•A comparison of various GC-based detection methods is presented.
Nitrophenols, a versatile intermediate, have been widely used in leather, medicine, chemical synthesis, and other fields. Because these components are widely applied, they can enter the environment ...through various routes, leading to many hazards and toxicities. There has been a recent surge in the development of simple, rapid, environmentally friendly, and effective techniques for determining these environmental pollutants. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress on the pretreatment and analysis methods of nitrophenols since 2017, with a focus on environmental samples. Pretreatment methods include liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, dispersive extraction, and microextraction methods. Analysis methods mainly include liquid chromatography-based methods, gas chromatography-based methods, supercritical fluid chromatography. In addition, this review also discusses and compares the advantages/disadvantages and development prospects of different pretreatment and analysis methods to provide a reference for further research.
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•Recent pretreatment and analysis techniques for NPs in environment samples are reviewed.•Advantages/disadvantages of different microextraction methods, as well as their development prospects, are discussed.•HRMS analyzers and their prospects are introduced.•Future prospects for emerging green and online approaches are discussed.
The physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of olive oil (OO) are regulated by the European Union (EU) by Reg. (EEC) 2568/91 as amended, which also establishes methods for their analysis.
...Despite the fact that the OO sector is highly regulated, it is acknowledged that there are still problems; fats and oils, including OOs, are ranked third, after meat and meat products and fish and fish products, in the 2016 EU Food Fraud report on non-compliances per product category.
For this reason, EU legislation, among the most advanced in the field, continuously chases after the emerging frauds. The process of proposing new methods or reviewing those current is constantly in progress, to ensure the robustness and the clarity required by official standardised procedures.
This review will identify current gaps in EU legislation and discuss drawbacks of existing analytical methods with respect to OO. Suggestions for replacement of specific steps within the present EU methods with more efficient analytical solutions to reduce time and/or solvent consumption will be proposed.
This review critiques existing regulatory methods and standards, highlights weaknesses and proposes possible solutions to safeguard the consumer and protect the OO market.
•Normative and standard sources for olive oil quality and purity.•Analytical methods for olive oil: drawbacks and limitations.•Normative failures and suggestions for improvements.
Because there is no widely adopted "total antioxidant parameter" as a nutritional index for labeling food and biological fluids, it is desirable to establish and standardize methods that can measure ...the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level directly from plant-based food extracts and biological fluids. In this review, we (i) present and classify the widely used analytical approaches (e.g., in vitro and in vivo, enzymatic and nonenzymatic, electron transfer (ET)- and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based, direct and indirect assays) for evaluating antioxidant capacity/activity; (ii) discuss total antioxidant capacity/activity assays in terms of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics, reaction mechanisms, and analytical performance characteristics, together with advantages and drawbacks; and (iii) critically evaluate ET-based methods for analytical, food chemical, biomedical/clinical, and environmental scientific communities so that they can effectively use these assays in the correct places to meet their needs.
Microplastics are emerging persistent contaminants of increasing concern. Although microplastics have been extensively detected in aquatic environments, their occurrence in soil ecosystems remains ...largely unexplored. This review focused on recent progress in analytical methods, pollution characteristics and ecological effects of microplastics in soils. In spite of the presence of microplastics in soils, no standardized methods are available for the quantification. Uniform protocols including microplastic extraction and identification are urgently needed to develop. In soil environments, main sources of microplastics include mulching film, sludge, wastewater irrigation and atmospheric deposition. The fate of microplastics is closely related to soil physio-chemistry and biota. Existing evidence shows that microplastics can influence soil biota at different trophic levels, and even threaten human health through food chains. Therefore, further research is needed to fully reveal the fate and ecological risks of microplastics in soils; and necessary action is required to control microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems.
•Standardized methods need be developed for microplastic extraction/identification in soil.•Main sources of soil microplastics include mulching film, sludge and wastewater irrigation.•Microplastics can have ecological impacts on soil biota and even threaten human health.•Further research is needed to reveal the fate and ecological risks of soil microplastics.
Microplastics (MPs) contamination in aquafeeds poses a significant threat to food safety and security in aquaculture. This paper aims to comprehensively review research progress in this field, ...systematically analyze relevant topical issues, and reveal current gaps and future research priorities. This review firstly summarizes the analytical techniques for the separation and identification of MPs in aquafeeds. It then introduces the occurrence and sources of MPs in aquafeeds. Subsequently, the impacts of MPs on the growth, health of aquatic organisms, and the safety of aquatic food are discussed. Finally, this study provides feasible mitigation strategies targeting major contamination pathways. Despite the widespread presence of MPs in aquafeeds, research in this area remains insufficiently addressed. The lack of standardized analytical methods poses challenges to safety assessments and policy-making.
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•Microplastics (MPs) are widely present in aquafeeds, threatening aquaculture and human food security.•Isolating MPs in aquafeeds is challenging, resulting in difficult comparisons and poor credibility of the studies.•Source of MPs in aquafeeds are mainly categorized into: ingredients, packaging and processing.•MPs relate to food safety and health concerns for aquatic animals and humans.•Strategies are recommended to reduce the contamination of aquafeeds with MPs.
Plastics entering the environment will persist and continue to degrade and fragment to smaller particles under the action of various environmental factors. These microplastics (MP) and nanoplastics ...(NP) are likely to pose a higher environmental impact, as well as they are more prone to adsorb organic contaminants and pathogens from the surrounding media, due to their higher surface area to volume ratio. Little known on their characteristics, fragmentation, distribution and impact on freshwater ecosystems. In order to respond to these open questions concerning the plastic particles dynamics and their environmental effects, detailed sampling strategies as well as an automated, rapid, cheap and reliable analytical technique suitable for routine analysis need to be developed. The review outlines the recent advances made on examination of the potential toxicological effects of MP and NP on freshwater biota, as well as the available analytical methods employed to identify and quantify them in environmental samples.
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•Contamination of freshwater systems with plastic debris was reported all over the world.•Micro (nano) plastics-associated chemicals had a higher toxicological impact.•The heterogeneous nature of plastic debris still leads to strong analytical challenges.
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