We study the properties of the mean-type mappings
M
:
I
p
→
I
p
of the form
M
(
x
1
,
⋯
,
x
p
)
:
=
(
M
1
(
x
α
1
,
1
,
⋯
,
x
α
1
,
d
1
)
,
⋯
,
M
p
(
x
α
p
,
1
,
⋯
,
x
α
p
,
d
p
)
)
,
where
p
and
d
i
...-s are positive integers, each
M
i
is a
d
i
-variable mean on an interval
I
⊂
R
, and
α
i
,
j
-s are elements from
{
1
,
⋯
,
p
}
. We show that, under some natural assumption on
M
i
-s, the problem of existing the unique
M
-invariant mean can be reduced to the ergodicity of the directed graph with vertexes
{
1
,
⋯
,
p
}
and edges
{
(
α
i
,
j
,
i
)
:
i
,
j
admissible
}
.
Social networks are absolutely a useful and important place for connecting people within the world. A basic issue in a social network is to identify the key persons within it. This is why different ...centrality measures have been found over the years. In this survey paper, we present past and present research works on measures of centrality in social network. For this plan, we discuss mathematical definitions and different developed centrality measures. We also present some applications of centrality measures in biology, research, security, traffic, transportation, drug, class room. At last, our future research work on centrality measure is given.
Social networking platforms have become an essential means for communicating feelings to the entire world due to rapid expansion in the Internet era. Several people use textual content, pictures, ...audio, and video to express their feelings or viewpoints. Text communication via Web-based networking media, on the other hand, is somewhat overwhelming. Every second, a massive amount of unstructured data is generated on the Internet due to social media platforms. The data must be processed as rapidly as generated to comprehend human psychology, and it can be accomplished using sentiment analysis, which recognizes polarity in texts. It assesses whether the author has a negative, positive, or neutral attitude toward an item, administration, individual, or location. In some applications, sentiment analysis is insufficient and hence requires emotion detection, which determines an individual’s emotional/mental state precisely. This review paper provides understanding into levels of sentiment analysis, various emotion models, and the process of sentiment analysis and emotion detection from text. Finally, this paper discusses the challenges faced during sentiment and emotion analysis.
Social media websites can be used as a data source for mining public opinion on a variety of subjects including climate change. Twitter, in particular, allows for the evaluation of public opinion ...across both time and space because geotagged tweets include timestamps and geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude). In this study, a large dataset of geotagged tweets containing certain keywords relating to climate change is analyzed using volume analysis and text mining techniques such as topic modeling and sentiment analysis. Latent Dirichlet allocation was applied for topic modeling to infer the different topics of discussion, and Valence Aware Dictionary and sEntiment Reasoner was applied for sentiment analysis to determine the overall feelings and attitudes found in the dataset. These techniques are used to compare and contrast the nature of climate change discussion between different countries and over time. Sentiment analysis shows that the overall discussion is negative, especially when users are reacting to political or extreme weather events. Topic modeling shows that the different topics of discussion on climate change are diverse, but some topics are more prevalent than others. In particular, the discussion of climate change in the USA is less focused on policy-related topics than other countries.
Recently, the use of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and Sina Weibo has become an inseparable part of our daily lives. It is considered as a convenient platform for users to share personal ...messages, pictures, and videos. However, while people enjoy social networks, many deceptive activities such as fake news or rumors can mislead users into believing misinformation. Besides, spreading the massive amount of misinformation in social networks has become a global risk. Therefore, misinformation detection (MID) in social networks has gained a great deal of attention and is considered an emerging area of research interest. We find that several studies related to MID have been studied to new research problems and techniques. While important, however, the automated detection of misinformation is difficult to accomplish as it requires the advanced model to understand how related or unrelated the reported information is when compared to real information. The existing studies have mainly focused on three broad categories of misinformation: false information, fake news, and rumor detection. Therefore, related to the previous issues, we present a comprehensive survey of automated misinformation detection on (i) false information, (ii) rumors, (iii) spam, (iv) fake news, and (v) disinformation. We provide a state-of-the-art review on MID where deep learning (DL) is used to automatically process data and create patterns to make decisions not only to extract global features but also to achieve better results. We further show that DL is an effective and scalable technique for the state-of-the-art MID. Finally, we suggest several open issues that currently limit real-world implementation and point to future directions along this dimension.
Graph theory provides a language for studying the structure of relations, and it is often used to study interactions over time too. However, it poorly captures the intrinsically temporal and ...structural nature of interactions, which calls for a dedicated formalism. In this paper, we generalize graph concepts to cope with both aspects in a consistent way. We start with elementary concepts like density, clusters, or paths, and derive from them more advanced concepts like cliques, degrees, clustering coefficients, or connected components. We obtain a language to directly deal with interactions over time, similar to the language provided by graphs to deal with relations. This formalism is self-consistent: usual relations between different concepts are preserved. It is also consistent with graph theory: graph concepts are special cases of the ones we introduce. This makes it easy to generalize higher level objects such as quotient graphs, line graphs,
k
-cores, and centralities. This paper also considers discrete versus continuous time assumptions, instantaneous links, and extensions to more complex cases.
Nowadays, the whole world is confronting an infectious disease called the coronavirus. No country remained untouched during this pandemic situation. Due to no exact treatment available, the disease ...has become a matter of seriousness for both the government and the public. As social distance is considered the most effective way to stay away from this disease. Therefore, to address the people eagerness about the Corona pandemic and to express their views, the trend of people has moved very fast towards social media. Twitter has emerged as one of the most popular platforms among those social media platforms. By studying the same eagerness and opinions of people to understand their mental state, we have done sentiment analysis using the BERT model on tweets. In this paper, we perform a sentiment analysis on two data sets; one data set is collected by tweets made by people from all over the world, and the other data set contains the tweets made by people of India. We have validated the accuracy of the emotion classification from the GitHub repository. The experimental results show that the validation accuracy is
≈
94%.
Applying the concept of triadic closure to coauthorship networks means that scholars are likely to publish a joint paper if they have previously coauthored with the same people. Prior research has ...identified moderate to high (20 to 40%) closure rates; suggesting this mechanism is a reasonable explanation for tie formation between future coauthors. We show how calculating triadic closure based on prior operationalizations of closure, namely Newman’s measure for one-mode networks (NCC) and Opsahl’s measure for two-mode networks (OCC) may lead to higher amounts of closure compared to measuring closure over time via a metric that we introduce and test in this paper. Based on empirical experiments using four large-scale, longitudinal datasets, we find a lower bound of 1–3% closure rates and an upper bound of 4–7%. These results motivate research on new explanatory factors for the formation of coauthorship links.
Social recommendation: a review Tang, Jiliang; Hu, Xia; Liu, Huan
Social network analysis and mining,
12/2013, Volume:
3, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Recommender systems play an important role in helping online users find relevant information by suggesting information of potential interest to them. Due to the potential value of social relations in ...recommender systems, social recommendation has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this paper, we present a review of existing recommender systems and discuss some research directions. We begin by giving formal definitions of social recommendation and discuss the unique property of social recommendation and its implications compared with those of traditional recommender systems. Then, we classify existing social recommender systems into memory-based social recommender systems and model-based social recommender systems, according to the basic models adopted to build the systems, and review representative systems for each category. We also present some key findings from both positive and negative experiences in building social recommender systems, and research directions to improve social recommendation capabilities.
Social networks have become an additional marketing channel that could be integrated with the traditional ones as a part of the marketing mix. The change in the dynamics of the marketing interchange ...between companies and consumers as introduced by social networks has placed a focus on the non-transactional customer behavior. In this new marketing era, the terms engagement and participation became the central non-transactional constructs, used to describe the nature of participants’ specific interactions and/or interactive experiences. These changes imposed challenges to the traditional one-way marketing, resulting in companies experimenting with many different approaches, thus shaping a successful social media approach based on the trial-and-error experiences. To provide insights to practitioners willing to utilize social networks for marketing purposes, our study analyzes the influencing factors in terms of characteristics of the content communicated by the company, such as media type, content type, posting day and time, over the level of online customer engagement measured by number of likes, comments and shares, and interaction duration for the domain of a Facebook brand page. Our results show that there is a different effect of the analyzed factors over individual engagement measures. We discuss the implications of our findings for social media marketing.
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