The article introduces the management system of archaeological monuments of Estonia. It focuses on the state of archaeological heritage and land usage of listed monuments. The legal background is ...explained while discussing the need to enhance visitor experience on archaeological sites. A few successful and some unfavourable examples are given to show the struggle to find a balance between development, exposition and preservation.
Resumen: Las algas y cianoprocariontes epilíticas que habitan en la Zona Arqueológica de Yaxchilán, Chiapas, cubren la mayoría de los muros de los edificios; es un sitio que se encuentra en la Selva ...Lacandona, junto al río Usumacinta con una humedad relativa muy alta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar las especies de algas y cianoprocariontes que crecen sobre los monumentos arqueológicos de esta zona, con base en la morfología microscópica. De 135 muestras recolectadas entre 2006 y 2008, se identificaron 49 especies: 25 Chroococcales, 12 Nostocales y 3 Oscillatoriales de Cyanoprokaryota; 3 Chlorellales y 4 Trentepohliales de Chlorophyta y 2 Naviculales de Bacillariophyta. Se describen 9 especies que son nuevos registros para México y todas las especies encontradas son ilustradas como referencia. La valencia ecológica de las especies permite caracterizar la flora con afinidad a un sustrato calcáreo con un pH básico y en condiciones de iluminación, humedad y temperatura fluctuantes durante el día. Finalmente, se señala la necesidad de conservar la flora y los monumentos siguiendo estrategias de control basadas en el conocimiento de los ciclos de vida de los organismos epilíticos. Este es el primer estudio sobre las algas y cianoprocariontes de la zona arqueológica de Yaxchilán.
The present research was conducted to assess the role of aeromycoflora around world heritage sites of Taxila and its relation with biodeterioration of stone monuments. The aerial mycoflora of six ...archaeological sites was recorded for one year to monitor the seasonal variations and transportation of fungal spores. Thirty-two fungal species belonging to twenty genera were isolated throughout the whole sampling period. The fungal genera
Alternaria, Aspergillus
,
Cladosporium
,
Fusarium
,
Mucor
,
Helminthosporium
,
Curvularia
and
Penicillium
were prevalent, whereas at species level
Alternaria alternata
was dominant followed by
Aspergillus niger
,
Cladosporium herbarum
,
Penicillium chrysogenum
and
Fusarium oxysporum
. A well-marked qualitative and quantitative seasonal variation in aeromycoflora of selected sites was recorded. Some fungal species showed restricted occurrence to a specific archaeological site of Taxila. The comparative study of aerial and surface mycoflora revealed that dominant aerial fungal species were involved in biodeterioration of monuments. The chemical composition of fungal patinas and biofilm was also carried out, and it was found that calcite, gypsum and calcium oxalate were the main minerals detected by X-ray diffraction technique. The dominant fungal species were also determined for their ability to produce organic acids in broth medium. The fungal species produce a significant amount of citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid and gluconic acid. The different surface alterations of archaeological monuments of Taxila are due to the metabolic activities of fungal species growing on it. The present study is the first investigation about microbial decay of stone monuments of Taxila, and the results of this study will help to make a strategy for prevention of further biodeterioration of these monuments.
The article considers the historical fate of one of the most famous Russian dynastic necropolis – the necropolis of the Ascension Cathedral of the Old Maidens’ Convent in the Moscow Kremlin. We mark ...the boundary points in the history of the burial vault temple between the 15th and 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to the tragic events in the conditions of the anti-church policy during the first years of the Soviet regime. The salvation of the monastery necropolis opened the way to its museumification. This process has been going on for almost a century; we are tracing its dynamics and outlining the nearest prospects. Archival materials, sources of personal origins, historical journalism, as well as contemporary museum exhibitions have contributed to the survey.
The Act on Museums of 1996 regulated peculiar challenges faced by museums. At the same time it separated museum preservation of archaeological heritage from the system of the preservation of ...monuments. From that moment onwards those museums whose collections were movable archaeological heritage were obliged in their museum procedures to comply with the regulations of two acts: the afore-mentioned Act on Museum and the Act on the Protection and Guardianship of Historical Monuments of 2003, together with its implementing regulations. The ordinance of the Minister of Culture and Art on the standard for registering heritage items in museums introduced quite a revolutionary change in the registering of archaeological heritage in those institutions as for object inventorying. The registering was to be from then on applied only to single tangible heritage items, and not to archaeological sites together with all the collections like in previous years. The change implied quite a lot of organizational repercussions, including difficulties in defining the collection’s countability and its financial worth, or the unequivocal item’s identification. The challenges caused are, among others, problems with the decisions how to qualify different historic groups of scientific sources to be entered into museum documents. This is connected with the necessity to differentiate and define what archaeological mass finds versus museum objects are in museum registers. New principles of museum object identification were introduced, and their implementation in the documentation practice forced significant changes in the attitude to the traditionally perceived methodology of creating information on archaeological monuments. Furthermore, the value assessment of archaeological monuments is questionable. It is the lack of standards for assessing the value of this group of monuments that is related to this issue.
The ancient history of Central Asia features migrations, assimilation processes and cultural interactions between different tribes. This article elaborates on migrations and ethnocultural processes ...in Central Asia in the middle of the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. Analysing the archaeological artefacts connected with ancient cultures of Central Asia is essential to reconstruct the migration and ethnocultural processes. Therefore, the main attention is drawn to the reasons and results of migrations and ethnocultural development in Central Asia. The methods applied include reviewing historical sources, historical and comparative analysis, chronological method, analysis of approaches and scientific views on the research topic
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