Banned in Berlin Stark, Gary D
2009., 20090315, 2009, 2011-01-01, Volume:
25
eBook
Imperial Germany’s governing elite frequently sought to censor literature that threatened established political, social, religious, and moral norms in the name of public peace, order, and security. ...It claimed and exercised a prerogative to intervene in literary life that was broader than that of its Western neighbors, but still not broad enough to prevent the literary community from challenging and subverting many of the social norms the state was most determined to defend. This study is the first systematic analysis in any language of state censorship of literature and theater in imperial Germany (1871–1918). To assess the role that formal state controls played in German literary and political life during this period, it examines the intent, function, contested legal basis, institutions, and everyday operations of literary censorship as well as its effectiveness and its impact on authors, publishers, and theater directors.
Due to the complexity of the data being generated day in and day out in many practical domains, as a result of the development of scales for rating the success or failure of reliability, a new domain ...of reliability called the classes of life and determinant probability distributions has been presented. This article introduces novel statistical probability models for the reliability class of life test under different reliability processes in the age range tsub.∘. Several probabilistic properties and features were derived and rigorously screened to test the new reliability class. According to the U-statistic, a novel hypothesis test was created to evaluate the exponentiality property. The comparative efficiency of the test according to Pitman's asymptotic efficiency was examined and compared with other reliability classes. To prove the superiority of the new reliability class, some probability models were utilized, including the Weibull, Makeham, gamma, and linear failure rate models. Moreover, critical point simulations of the null Monte Carlo distribution and some applications of the censored and uncensored data were implemented to validate the class test listed by the reliability analysis.
Redacted Abel, Jonathan E
2012., 20120818, 2012, 2012-09-13, 20120101, Volume:
11
eBook
At the height of state censorship in Japan, more indexes of banned books circulated, more essays on censorship were published, more works of illicit erotic and proletarian fiction were produced, and ...more passages were Xed out than at any other moment before or since. As censors construct and maintain their own archives, their acts of suppression yield another archive, filled with documents on, against, and in favor of censorship. The extant archive of the Japanese imperial censor (1923-1945) and the archive of the Occupation censor (1945-1952) stand as tangible reminders of this contradictory function of censors. As censors removed specific genres, topics, and words from circulation, some Japanese writers converted their offensive rants to innocuous fluff after successive encounters with the authorities. But, another coterie of editors, bibliographers, and writers responded to censorship by pushing back, using their encounters with suppression as incitement to rail against the authorities and to appeal to the prurient interests of their readers. This study examines these contradictory relationships between preservation, production, and redaction to shed light on the dark valley attributed to wartime culture and to cast a shadow on the supposedly bright, open space of free postwar discourse. (Winner of the 2010-2011 First Book Award of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University ).
Censorship – an Instrument to Hamper Creation The history of mankind, since antiquity, has been marked by the presence of censorship, in its incipient or exacerbated forms, shaped by established ...political systems. Often, applying the rules of the church, censorship included restrictions that have left its mark on science and art. This paper reviews the most important moments of the censorship of theatrical life in different eras and countries, especially those in the Romanian cultural space, completed with its forms of manifestation.
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la censura cinematográfica llevada a cabo en España durante el Franquismo y de cómo las decisiones censoras, así como el devenir de la ...Administración, afectaron de manera directa a los filmes realizados en esta época. Para comprender esta situación y en especial el papel relevante que ejerció la Iglesia Católica, se realizará el análisis de la película Los jueves, milagro (Luis G. Berlanga, 1957), caso paradigmático del desencuentro del cineasta con la censura española. El punto de partida de este análisis arranca con la iniciativa tomada por Filmoteca Española que, en 1980 decide restaurar la película. El estudio realizado reconstruye tanto el proceso de investigación llevado a cabo en la restauración, como el proceso de búsqueda a través de la FIAF, así como los resultados que se obtuvieron en las diversas filmotecas en las que se encontraron materiales de diversa índole, dando lugar a una situación desconocida hasta el momento: una doble versión del filme de Berlanga. Dicho descubrimiento no sólo posibilitó la restauración de la película, sino que sirvió para poder conocer los cortes de montaje y las consecuentes modificaciones que la censura efectuó sobre la misma.
This study reveals the hidden story of the secret book distribution program to Eastern Europe financed by the CIA during the Cold War. At its height between 1957 and 1970, the book program was one of ...the least known but most effective methods of penetrating the Iron Curtain, reaching thousands of intellectuals and professionals in the Soviet Bloc. Reisch conducted thorough research on the key personalities involved in the book program, especially the two key figures: S. S. Walker, who initiated the idea of a “mailing project,” and G. C. Minden, who developed it into one of the most effective political and psychological tools of the Cold War.
This thesis aims to establish a general theoretical framework for indirect mechanisms of censorship. The law is gradually adopting a broader concept of censorship. However, the current ...conceptualisations of censorship either lack comprehensiveness or have not established a clear relation between a new conceptualisation of censorship and the existing legal framework of the right to freedom of expression, a shortcoming that this thesis addresses. We ask how we can study and categorise the widest range of censorship mechanisms and aggregate diverse and sometimes conflicting conceptualisations of the term from a primarily legal standpoint. We suggest the dichotomy of direct and indirect censorship as a theoretical basis which is compatible with the existing legal framework of the right to freedom of expression. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this thesis extracts a definition of indirect censorship from a legal viewpoint by examining regional and international case law on freedom of expression. It then strengthens the definition by adding, from a sociological viewpoint, an insight on the role of non-legal norms as a means of indirect censorship, which is largely overlooked in the conceptualisations of the term from a legal viewpoint. Based on this definition and using Iran as a case study, we provide an exhaustive catalogue of indirect mechanisms of censorship. The significance of this research is that it informs our understanding of contemporary mechanisms of censorship by providing a general theory of indirect censorship and emphasising the necessity of recognising the growing threat of utilising these mechanisms of covert nature by the regional and international human rights instruments.
Better Left Unsaid is in the unseemly position of defending censorship from the central allegations that are traditionally leveled against it. Taking two genres generally presumed to have been ...stymied by the censor's knife-the Victorian novel and classical Hollywood film-this book reveals the varied ways in which censorship, for all its blustery self-righteousness, can actually be good for sex, politics, feminism, and art.
As much as Victorianism is equated with such cultural impulses as repression and prudery, few scholars have explored the Victorian novel as a "censored" commodity-thanks, in large part, to the indirectness and intangibility of England's literary censorship process. This indirection stands in sharp contrast to the explicit, detailed formality of Hollywood's infamous Production Code of 1930. In comparing these two versions of censorship, Nora Gilbert explores the paradoxical effects of prohibitive practices. Rather than being ruined by censorship, Victorian novels and Hays Code films were stirred and stimulated by the very forces meant to restrain them.
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