La aprobación de libros, un paratexto legal que originalmente servÃa para otorgar la licencia de impresión, se consolidó en los siglos XVII y XVIII en la Nueva España como el espacio idóneo ...para la aparición del germen de la crÃtica literaria. Estos paratextos, codificados a partir de ciertos componentes retóricos y elementos constituyentes, son testimonio de un tipo de ejercicio intelectual que caracteriza a este perÃodo del Barroco novohispano, un ejercicio en el que convive la censura con la actitud precrÃtica. Mediante el análisis de un amplio corpus de libros impresos en los siglos XVII y XVIII del virreinato, se propone un acercamiento al paradigma del ejercicio crÃtico como práctica intelectual, en la que la censura tenÃa un papel importante.
Self‐censorship in organizations is an individual's decision not to share information on observed irregularities and misconduct of others. The propensity to self‐censor, motivated by belief that ...voice will not be heard, may reflect gender inequalities. In Study 1 (N = 948), we test whether women manifest more self‐censorship than men and we verify whether this effect is maintained when women and men hold managerial positions. In two follow‐up studies we analyse the effects of (a) procedural justice (Study 2, N = 98) and (b) communal organizational climate (Study 3, N = 589) on women's and men's self‐censorship. The results of our studies support our assumptions: (1) self‐censorship in women is more prevalent than in men, (2) women in management positions are more likely to self‐censor than men in managerial positions, and (3) procedural justice and communal organizational climate are negatively related to employees’ self‐censorship, and this relationship is stronger for women.
ABSTRACT This article investigates the working life of Taiwanese TV screenwriters who have commuted across the Taiwan Strait since the 2010s to supplement previous research on Taiwanese creative ...workers in China. My analysis is divided into three parts: (1) the screenwriters’ work structure and problems; (2) how their self-enterprising ethos pushes them to adhere to the Chinese state-market regime; and (3) the competitions in the screenwriting field, their solutions to the problems, and their attitudes toward building collective solidarity to empower themselves. This article argues that the Taiwanese screenwriters working across the Taiwan Strait have three common features: self-enterprising, self-censorship, and self-interests. Their competition has resulted in internal rivalry, jealousy, and personal attacks. So far, their resolutions to problems are individually based, and they do not change the structural relations that the screenwriters collectively face.
Internet censorship is a phenomenon of societal importance and attracts investigation from multiple disciplines. Several research groups, such as Censored Planet, have deployed large scale Internet ...measurement platforms to collect network reachability data. However, existing studies generally rely on manually designed rules (i.e., using censorship fingerprints) to detect network-based Internet censorship from the data. While this rule-based approach yields a high true positive detection rate, it suffers from several challenges: it requires human expertise, is laborious, and cannot detect any censorship not captured by the rules. Seeking to overcome these challenges, we design and evaluate a classification model based on latent feature representation learning and an image-based classification model to detect network-based Internet censorship. To infer latent feature representations from network reachability data, we propose a sequence-to-sequence autoencoder to capture the structure and the order of data elements in the data. To estimate the probability of censorship events from the inferred latent features, we rely on a densely connected multi-layer neural network model. Our image-based classification model encodes a network reachability data record as a gray-scale image and classifies the image as censored or not using a dense convolutional neural network. We compare and evaluate both approaches using data sets from Censored Planet via a hold-out evaluation. Both classification models are capable of detecting network-based Internet censorship as we were able to identify instances of censorship not detected by the known fingerprints. Latent feature representations likely encode more nuances in the data since the latent feature learning approach discovers a greater quantity, and a more diverse set, of new censorship instances.
Self‐censorship of information, defined as an act of intentionally and voluntarily withholding information from others in the absence of formal obstacles, serves as an obstacle to the proper ...functioning of a democratic society, because it prevents free access to information, freedom of expression, and the flow of information. It is of key importance in societies, as it blocks information that may shed new light on various societal issues. Nevertheless, it is recognized that in certain cases self‐censorship is necessary. The present article provides a comprehensive conceptual framework for self‐censorship and examines it from various angles with empirical examples. It describes its nature and psychological foundations, the motivations that underlie it, the conditions that facilitate its practice, its societal and individual consequences, and, finally, its measurement challenges.
Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich der Frage, wie die urologische Fachkultur und das urologische Fachwissen während der frühen Nachkriegszeit unter Maßgaben der Entnazifizierungs- und ...Demilitarisierungspolitik der Alliierten in Ostdeutschland reformiert wurde. Er befasst sich mit dem urologischen Fachbuch als einem zentralen Medium fachkultureller Kommunikation und zeichnet nach, wie das urologische Wissen in komplexen Aushandlungsprozessen zwischen Autoren, Verlagen und Zensurbehörden der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone aufbereitet wurde. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Mechanismen medialer Kontrolle, denen medizinische Wissenskreisläufe unterworfen wurden und damit die bislang nicht ausgewerteten Archivbestände entsprechender Zensurinstanzen. Die Auswertungsergebnisse werden hier mit dem Fokus auf die Urologie präsentiert und anhand ausgewählter Fallbeispiele illustriert.
This study presents an original manuscript of the European Genizah containing the earliest account book of a Jewish moneylender in Italy. This document, which dates back to the early fifteenth ...century, sheds new light on the economic history of the Jews, credit issues in north Italy, Jewish–Christian economic relations and material culture through references to pawned objects, as well as the history of accounting practices. Its paper leaves were dismembered and reused to bind a different book of Italian origin. As with thousands of other fragments found in bindings across Europe, the recycling of codices paradoxically assured their survival. The sheets of the ledger were discovered, detached and conserved when the manuscript was restored at the end of the nineteenth century.
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