Journalistic Autonomy Örnebring, Henrik; Karlsson, Michael
2022, 2022-04-25
eBook, Book
The idea that journalism should be independent is foundational to its contemporary understandings and its role in democracy. But from what, exactly, should journalism be independent? This book traces ...the genealogy of the idea of journalistic autonomy, from the press freedom debates of the 17th century up to the digital, networked world of the 21st. Using an eclectic and thought- provoking theoretical framework that draws upon Friedrich Nietzsche, feminist philosophy, and theoretical biology, the authors analyze the deeper meanings and uses of the terms independence and autonomy in journalism.This work tackles, in turn, questions of journalism's independence from the state, politics, the market, sources, the workplace, the audience, technology, and algorithms. Using broad historical strokes as well as detailed historical case studies, the authors argue that autonomy can only be meaningful if it has a purpose. Unfortunately, for large parts of journalism's history this purpose has been the maintenance of a societal status quo and the exclusion of large groups of the population from the democratic polity. "Independence, " far from being a shining ideal to which all journalists must aspire, has instead often been used to mask the very dependencies that lie at the heart of journalism. The authors posit, however, that by learning the lessons of history and embracing a purpose fit for the needs of the 21st century world, journalism might reclaim its autonomy and redeem its exclusionary uses of independence.
Censorship in South Asia offers an expansive and comparative exploration
of cultural regulation in contemporary and colonial South Asia. These provocative
essays by leading scholars broaden our ...understanding of what censorship might mean
-- beyond the simple restriction and silencing of public communication -- by
considering censorship's productive potential and its intimate relation to its
apparent opposite, publicity. The contributors investigate a wide range of public
cultural phenomena, from the cinema to advertising, from street politics to
political communication, and from the adjudication of blasphemy to the management of
obscenity.
Despite the fruitful insights articulated by existing scholarship on internet censorship in China, the lack of a systematic overview of the field not only hinders reciprocal dialogue across different ...studies, but also prevents a reflective consideration of directions that could shed further light on the topic. To fill the gap, this study introduces the concept of “categorisation” as the analytical lens to scrutinise and synthesise the extant studies on censorship. It proposed two possible ways of categorising the current development of the topic: one is the macro–meso–micro level of analysis, and the other is about data and metadata. Our discussion addresses three contributions to studying internet censorship in China: the emerging computational methods for exploring censorship deletion practices on the micro level, the relevance of hard-to-observe, organisation-specific factors to understand the operationalisation of censorship, and method triangulation to strengthen the validity and reliability of studies of censorship phenomena.
Purpose: This article studies which sets of variables, besides credit and profitability, influence the survival of micro and small enterprises (MSE) over time. Originality/value: This study innovates ...in presenting independent variables related to a common objective, contributing to the literature by identifying factors, including financial ones, that can influence MSE survival in a single model, which has not yet been identified in the literature. Therefore, acquiring knowledge that stimulates changes in the behavior of entrepreneurs, public authorities, stakeholders, and private institutions related to the subject is expected to promote the creation of new management tools, which can decrease the closure of several MSEs within a short time of operation. Design/methodology/approach: Secondary data from the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District relative to the period between 2008 and 2012 were used. Reduced equation models with estimation utilizing a Tobit were used, as the dependent variable is censored, in addition to the OLS method with fixed effects panel and robust error, with equivalent results. The factor analysis by the principal component method (FA-PCM) was used in the data analysis. Findings: The results showed significant factors for MSE survival, such as the need for employment and income, investments in health, access to financing, and, mostly, the importance of education, among others. Moreover, the study demystifies that the leading cause of MSE death is the lack of credit, as there is too much credit on the market, either through banks or investors. Keywords: micro and small enterprises, survival, entrepreneurship, factor analysis, Brazil Objetivo: Estudar quais conjuntos de variaveis, alem do credito e da rentabilidade, influenciam a sobrevivencia das micro e pequenas empresas (MPE) ao longo do tempo. Originalidade/valor: O presente estudo inova na apresentacao de variaveis independentes relacionadas com objetivo comum. Contribui para a literatura ao identificar fatores, alem dos financeiros, que podem influenciar na sobrevivencia das MPE em um unico modelo, algo ainda nao identificado na literatura. Espera-se assim adquirir conhecimentos que estimulem mudancas no comportamento por parte dos empreendedores, do poder publico, dos stakeholders e de instituicoes privadas afins ao tema, para que seja estimulada a criacao de novas ferramentas de gestao que venham a minimizar o fechamento de tantas MPE com pouco tempo de existencia. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Utilizaram-se dados secundarios dos 26 estados e do Distrito Federal brasileiros entre os anos de 2008 e 2012. Foram empregados os modelos de equacao reduzida com estimacao por meio de um Tobit, haja vista a variavel dependente ser censurada, e pelo metodo MQO em painel com efeitos fixos e erro robusto, com resultados equivalentes. Na analise de dados, utilizou-se o metodo da analise fatorial pelo metodo dos componentes principais (AF-MCP). Resultados: Os resultados apresentados apontaram fatores significantes para a sobrevivencia das MPE, como necessidade de emprego e renda, investimentos em saude, acesso a financiamento e, em destaque, a importancia da educacao, entre outras. Alem disso, o trabalho desmistifica que a causa principal da mortandade das MPE e a falta de credito, pois ha ofertas em demasia no mercado, seja por meio dos bancos ou de investidores. Palavras-chave: micro e pequenas empresas, sobrevivencia, empreendedorismo, analise fatorial, Brasil
A felhasználók elzárása a politikai vezetők által nem megfelelőnek ítélt információktól, az internetszolgáltatók felelőssé tétele a rajtuk elhelyezett tartalomért és a folyamatos monitorozás alapja ...az úgynevezett kiberszuverenitás, amely szerint minden országnak joga van megválasztani az internete fejlesztésének és szabályozásának módját. A Kínai Népköztársaság által működtetett Arany Pajzs rendszer, amely komplex és folyamatosan változó-bővülő jogi, technológiai háttérre alapozva, sok millió ember figyelő tekintete előtt működik, mindezt képes elérni. Így a fő kérdés, amelyre az Arany Pajzsot, a kínai totális kontrollt megvalósító eszközt működtető kínai vezetők választ keresnek: létezhet-e a 21. században olyan megoldás, amely egyszerre biztosít gazdasági nyitást és fejlődést, ugyanakkor információs bezárkózást.
This resource from Pekoll, Assistant Director of the American Library Association's Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF), uses specific case studies to offer practical guidance on safeguarding ...intellectual freedom related to library displays, programming, and other librarian-created content.
Spiwak discusses the regulatory implications of turning internet platforms into common carriers. The debate over how Internet platforms moderate content has reached a fever pitch. Congress is ...conducting oversight on so-called "Big Tech censorship," and states such as Texas and Florida have enacted laws designed to prevent Internet platforms from "silencing opposing voices." But while such legislative efforts are popular among certain political constituencies, the constitutional and practical implications of regulating Internet platforms' content moderation practices are less than clear.
A fresh censored δ shock model is investigated. The arrival of random shocks follows a generalized Pólya process, and the failure mechanism of the system occurs based on the censored δ shock model. ...The generalized Pólya process is used for modeling because the generalized Pólya process has excellent properties, including the homogeneous Poisson process, the non-homogeneous Poisson process, and the Pólya process. Thus far, the lifetime properties of the censored δ shock model under the generalized Pólya process have not been studied. Therefore, for the established generalized Pólya censored δ shock model, the corresponding reliability function, the upper bound of the reliability function, the mean lifetime, the failure rate, and the class of life distribution are obtained. In addition, a replacement strategy N, based on the number of failures of the system, is considered using a geometric process. We determined the optimal replacement policy Nsup.* by objective function minimization. Finally, a numerical example is presented to verify the rationality of the model.
We offer the first large scale, multiple source analysis of the outcome of what may be the most extensive effort to selectively censor human expression ever implemented. To do this, we have devised a ...system to locate, download, and analyze the content of millions of social media posts originating from nearly 1,400 different social media services all over China before the Chinese government is able to find, evaluate, and censor (i.e., remove from the Internet) the subset they deem objectionable. Using modern computer-assisted text analytic methods that we adapt to and validate in the Chinese language, we compare the substantive content of posts censored to those not censored over time in each of 85 topic areas. Contrary to previous understandings, posts with negative, even vitriolic, criticism of the state, its leaders, and its policies are not more likely to be censored. Instead, we show that the censorship program is aimed at curtailing collective action by silencing comments that represent, reinforce, or spur social mobilization, regardless of content. Censorship is oriented toward attempting to forestall collective activities that are occurring now or may occur in the future—and, as such, seem to clearly expose government intent.
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