The fossil fuel utilization adversely affected the environmental health due to the rising emission levels of greenhouse gases. Consequently, the challenges of climate change loaded great stress on ...renewable energy sources. It is noted that extreme consumption of fossil fuels increased the earth temperature by 1.9 °C that adversely influenced the life and biodiversity. Biorefinery is the sustainable process for the production of biofuels and other bio-products from biomass feedstock using different conversion technologies. Biofuel is an important component of renewable energy sources contributing to overall carbon-neutral energy system. Studies reported that on global scale, over 90% of petroleum goods could be produced from renewable resources by 2023, whereas, 33% chemicals, and 50% of the pharmaceutical market share is also expected to be bio-based. This study details the brief review of operation, development, application, limitations, future perspectives, circular bioeconomy, and life cycle assessment of biorefinery. The economic and environmental aspects of biofuels and biorefineries are briefly discussed. Lastly, considering the present challenges, the future perspectives of biofuels and biorefineries are highlighted.
•The first, second, third and fourth generation biofuel production.•Circular bioeconomy of biorefineries.•Life-cycle assessment of biorefineries.•Environmental and economic aspects of biorefineries.•Current challenges and potential areas for advancements.
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•Recent developments in the extraction and purification of carotenoids were presented.•Explored the metabolic engineering approaches in carotenoids synthesis.•Application of ...carotenoids in pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals industries.•The global market value of astaxanthin production has been presented.
Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments that are widely distributed in algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants. Carotenoids play a significant role in the food, feed, cosmetic, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. These pigments are effectively considered as a health-promoting compounds, which are widely used in our daily diet to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, acute lung injury, cataracts, neural disorders, etc. In this context, this review paper demonstrates the synthesis of carotenoids and their potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the demand for carotenoid production is increasing overtime, and the extraction and production are expensive and technically challenging. The recent developments in carotenoid biosynthesis, and key challenges, bottlenecks, and future perspectives were also discussed to enhance the circular bioeconomy.
•Integrated lignocellulosic biorefinery approach promotes circular bioeconomy.•Efficient fuel and chemical production from cellulose, hemicellulose.•Lignin valorization shows efficient production of ...bioproducts.•Economic values increase with integration of valorization processes.•Technological advancement leads to the production of multiple value products.
Biorefining of second-generation feedstock gains more attention to improve the living standards and promote circular bioeconomy. The biorefinery concept made an effort to make the environmentally sustainable and economical products. Lignocellulosic biomass is widely available and extensively tested feedstock to produce biofuels, bioenergy and different value- products. By the integration of process to fractionate the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose can add more values in the process chain that required integration and optimized technologies followed by life cycle analysis and economic assessment. The life cycle and economic analysis together assess the impacts on environment, economic and all the impacts which are involved indirectly throughout the product stages from cradle to grave. The improvement and integration of the current biorefinery process recommends the newer and sustainable bio-economy and will replace the fossil fuels with the renewable reserve. In techno-economic perspective, the optimization of integrated technologies for the production of biofuels and other bioproducts have still to be optimized for efficient production. The proper adoption of pretreatment methods increases the economic value in biorefinery process. The main aim of this review is to summarize the three key research areas that required more attentions, they are; (a) valorization of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose into value added products, (b) integrated biorefinery approach and process optimization; and (c) circular bioeconomy and its future perspective. This review concludes that the lignocellulosic integrated biorefinery approach is feasible to support the circular bioeconomy, through which number of value products could be derived.
Conceptualizing waste biorefinery for recovery of value added products. Display omitted
•Resource recovery of bioenergy and platform chemicals from waste.•Biorefinery as a sustainable approach for ...waste mining.•Exploitation of waste would enhance biorefinery competitiveness & social acceptance.
Increased urbanization worldwide has resulted in a substantial increase in energy and material consumption as well as anthropogenic waste generation. The main source for our current needs is petroleum refinery, which have grave impact over energy-environment nexus. Therefore, production of bioenergy and biomaterials have significant potential to contribute and need to meet the ever increasing demand. In this perspective, a biorefinery concept visualizes negative-valued waste as a potential renewable feedstock. This review illustrates different bioprocess based technological models that will pave sustainable avenues for the development of biobased society. The proposed models hypothesize closed loop approach wherein waste is valorised through a cascade of various biotechnological processes addressing circular economy. Biorefinery offers a sustainable green option to utilize waste and to produce a gamut of marketable bioproducts and bioenergy on par to petro-chemical refinery.
Fossil fuel reserves have drastically decreased over the past two decades, contributing to a worldwide decline in energy sources. The volatility of energy prices and their serious ecological ...consequences have drawn the attention of researchers to alternative carbon-neutral renewable energy sources. Furthermore, ineffective waste management contributes to environmental contamination, harms human health, and negatively affects the global economy. Biohydrogen (Bio-H2) derived from waste biomass via dark fermentation is a valuable green fuel to solve the issues of clean energy production and waste management. Bio-H2 has several advantages over other biofuels, including carbon-neutral production, ease of generation, low carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and high energy efficiency. Besides, by using biowaste to produce bio-H2, global warming and CO2 emissions associated with biowaste incineration can be reduced. Although dark fermentation produces the most efficient and clean bio-H2, the yield and rate of production of the process are very low. This review article summarizes the recent developments in dark fermentation processes to enhance bio-H2 yield and productivity, including pre-treatment, additives inclusion, and integrated solutions. Additionally, this article highlights the metabolic pathways of Bio-H2 production and inhibitory substances that negatively affect dark fermentation. Challenges related to bio-H2 technology transfer from lab to industry are discussed, and prospects for future research to realize the technology transfer are briefed. Further, an integrated carbon-neutral approach by dark fermentation-assisted bio-H2 production is also discussed as a contribution to circular bioeconomy.
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•Production, yield, and conditions for dark fermentative bio-H2 are reviewed.•Discussion on recent advances to improve the dark fermentative bio-H2 process.•Technology transfer limitations and solutions to overcome them are discussed.•Overview of hydrogen strategy to enable carbon neutral circular bioeconomy.•Prospects on biorefinery-based bio-H2 production through dark fermentation.
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•Lignin structures vary with different extraction process and affect product yields.•Native lignin enables effective valorization towards chemicals and biofuels.•Valorization ...strategies in relation to initial lignin structures are evaluated.•Advances in analytical technologies hold promise for lignin valorization.
Lignin is one of the most promising renewable sources for aromatic hydrocarbons, while effective depolymerization towards its constituent monomers is a particular challenge because of the structural complexity and stability. Intensive research efforts have been directed towards exploiting effective valorization of lignin for the production of bio-based platform chemicals and fuels. The present contribution aims to provide a critical review of key advances in the identification of exact lignin structure subjected to various fractionation technologies and demonstrate the key roles of lignin structures in depolymerization for unique functionalized products. Various technologies (e.g., thermocatalytic approaches, photocatalytic conversion, and mechanochemical depolymerization) are reviewed and evaluated in terms of feasibility and potential for further upgrading. Overall, advances in pristine lignin structure analysis and conversion technologies can facilitate recovery and subsequent utilization of lignin towards tailored commodity chemicals and fungible fuels.
The bioeconomy is generally understood as an economy in which sustainably-sourced renewable bio-based resources are used for the production of food, energy and other products and services. ...Expectations are high for its potential to support the transition away from a fossil fuel-based economy and help to address complex issues such as climate change and biodiversity depletion. However, given its cross-sectoral nature and key focus on innovation, tensions can emerge between bioeconomy goals and the need for regulation of bioeconomy activities. In particular, there is a recognition of the need for regulation to (a) support sustainability and resource efficiency, (b) manage competing interests and (c) provide coherence and innovation support. To identify how regulation may be acting as a barrier and / or driver of the bioeconomy in Ireland, interviews were conducted with a range of key stakeholder organisations. Analysis revealed four key barriers, relating to the need for financial support tools such as feedin tariffs, more flexible approaches to regulating the use of waste materials, closing the gap between regulation and innovation activity and addressing planning issues. The two drivers identified highlight a positive role for regulation in supporting and enabling bioeconomy development, especially in terms of using more flexible and innovative approaches. Associated challenges include the need to support genuine public participation and the provision of resources to support policy-makers in the design and implementation of an effective bioeconomy regulatory framework.
Naturally synthesized compounds have an evolving market demand as bioactive metabolites with numerous health benefits. In this context, microalgae-based bioactive compounds such as pigments and ...nutraceuticals are commercially available, and it is foreseen that the market demand would continue to grow due to the recent requirement for natural products in the food industry. In particular, the global market for microalgae-based proteins is foreseen to reach $ 0.84 billion by 2023, whereas the natural blue pigment (c-phycocyanin) is expected to reach a market value of $ 409.8 million by 2030. Being a protein-rich cyanobacterium (60–70% (w/w)) and a promising source for c-phycocyanin (47% of the total proteins), Spirulina has gained attention as a promising feedstock for the large-scale production of high-value proteins and c-phycocyanin. Even though Spirulina is commercially cultivated in many countries, the exclusive production of proteins and c-phycocyanin is still emerging. Besides, Spirulina-based biorefinery is a promising strategy to enhance the economic viability of the large-scale production of proteins and c-phycocyanin. In addition, utilization of waste resources in Spirulina-based biorefineries is a beneficial strategy in terms of increasing economic feasibility and environmental sustainability. The current review focuses on promoting a circular bioeconomy via the biorefining of Spirulina to produce protein and c-phycocyanin while analyzing the challenges and future perspectives associated with the overall process.
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•Spirulina is a feedstock for the large-scale production of proteins and c-phycocyanin.•Two-stage cultivation is advantageous for large-scale cultivation of Spirulina.•Integrated biorefining increases the economic feasibility of large-scale production.•Conceptual Spirulina-based biorefinery with proteins and c-phycocyanin is proposed.
The Sustainable Path to a Circular Bioeconomy Hadley Kershaw, Eleanor; Hartley, Sarah; McLeod, Carmen ...
Trends in biotechnology,
June 2021, 2021-Jun, 2021-06-00, 20210601, Volume:
39, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Circular bioeconomy is gaining prominence in academic, policy, and industry contexts, linking circular economy and bioeconomy agendas in service of sustainability. However, it is at risk of ...developing in narrow, unsustainable ways. A sustainable path to circular bioeconomies must embrace diverse expert and stakeholder input, multiple solutions, and noneconomic value.
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•This review explores the potential of using a wide range of apple orchard waste (AOW).•Thermochemical and biological processes were assess towards to circular bioeconomy.•This review ...explores the potential for the use of AOW to produce multi bio-products.•The nature of AOW role in achieving successful circular bio economy is also highlighted.•Sustainable interventions with biorefineries approaches still need look for AOW.
In this review investigate the apple orchard waste (AOW) is potential organic resources to produce multi-product and there sustainable interventions with biorefineries approaches to assesses the apple farm industrial bioeconomy. The thermochemical and biological processes like anaerobic digestion, composting and , etc., that generate distinctive products like bio-chemicals, biofuels, biofertilizers, animal feed and biomaterial, etc can be employed for AOW valorization. Integrating these processes can enhanced the yield and resource recovery sustainably. Thus, employing biorefinery approaches with allied different methods can link to the progression of circular bioeconomy. This review article mainly focused on the different biological processes and thermochemical that can be occupied for the production of waste to-energy and multi-bio-product in a series of reaction based on sustainability. Therefore, the biorefinery for AOW move towards identification of the serious of the reaction with each individual thermochemical and biological processes for the conversion of one-dimensional providences to circular bioeconomy.
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