U kontekstu izlaganja razvoja instituta clausula rebus sic stantibus, premda u rimskom pravu nije postojao opći institut koji bi mu odgovarao, u romanistici se upućuje na remissio mercedis kod ...locatio fundi kao istaknuti primjer uvažavanja promijenjenih okolnosti od strane rimskih pravnika. Polazeći od općih karakteristika ugovora o zakupu te uređenja odgovornosti stranaka, u radu se analiziraju uređenje i argumentacija primjene instituta remissio mercedis iz perspektive promijenjenih okolnosti. Na temelju navedenoga, ispituje se u kojoj bi mjeri bila riječ o istoj liniji promišljanja o utjecaju izvanrednih vanjskih događaja na obveze ugovornih stranaka u rimskom pravu i u doktrini klauzule rebus sic stantibus.
In the context of studies concerned with the development of clausula rebus sic stantibus, although acknowledging the fact that this legal institute was not present in Roman law, some Romanists have pointed out the remissio mercedis in the lease of land (locatio fundi) as the prominent example when the change of circumstances influenced the obligations of parties in Roman law. Starting with the general characteristics of the contract of lease and the obligations of the parties, the authors analyze in the contral part of the paper the institute remissio mercedis and its basis, taking into account different opinions and arguments for its application. This is especially done from the viewpoint of changed circumstances, leading to the conclusion on the difference in the line of thought about the effects of changed circumstances in the Roman law remissio mercedis and in the medieval clausula rebus sic stantibus.
In this paper the author gives an overview of the emergence and evolution of the idea of discharge or modification of contract due to supervening events, from Roman to contemporary law, with special ...emphasis on the evolution of the doctrine and its development as a legal institution in the European legislation or case law. The institution of changed circumstances (supervening events) allows the discharge or (judicial) modification of a contract in a situation when the performance of an obligation has not become impossible, but it would require unreasonable costs or the performance would be inexpedient, hence it is considered one of the most striking exceptions to the principle of pacta sunt servanda. It belongs to the group of a very few institutions in relation to which one cannot claim to have direct and clear roots in Roman law. In the works of learned lawyers one may find only sporadic traces of it. In contrast to Roman legal science, Roman philosophy was more favourable to the theory of supervening events, a fact very well proven by the works of Cicero and Seneca. In the late Middle Ages the canonists and, especially, postglossators gave the greatest contribution to the evolution of the theory of supervening events. The school of postglossators considered supervening events a general legal institution, tacitly implied in every legal statement constituting obligation. The ideas of postglossators left a great impact on further evolution of the theory. Even the designation of the institution, clausula rebus sic stantibus, generally accepted in contemporary literature, derives from them. In the period following the postglossators' time, lasting until the end of the 18th century, there is still an interest in the theory of supervening events in literature. However, under the influence of the school of natural law a somewhat restrictive approach is adopted, in the German doctrine in the first place, according to which the clausula rebus sic stantibus should not be implied in all contracts, but applied exceptionally, if specific conditions are met. The first European civil codes, the Bavarian, Prussian and Austrian, do regulate the effect of supervening events explicitly, in content which is, in general, in line with these theoretical standpoints. It seems that in the 19th century legal science nearly abandoned the idea of supervening events, which could be considered as a consequence of the inviolable primacy of the tenet of pacta sunt servanda, at the time. In line with that, the most important civil codes of this era, such as the French, German and Swiss did not govern the effect of supervening events as a general legal institution. The institution of supervening events is gradually accepted in the case law after the First World War, while the period after the Second World War is heralded by the tendency of its statutory regulation. The ever-growing number of states that regulated supervening events as a general legal institution of contract law included the former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, too, as well as the Republic of Serbia and the other states that were once members of the common, South Slavic federal state.
Rad se bavi utjecajem promijenjenih okolnosti na ugovor te mogućnošću pogođene ugovorne strane da od suda zahtijeva izmjenu ili raskid ugovora. U radu se nalazi kratki povijesni pregled instituta ...klauzule rebus sic stantibus u hrvatskom i odabranim europskim pravnim sustavima; navedene su pretpostavke koje prema našem ZOO-u moraju biti ispunjene kako bi pogođena strana mogla svoj zahtjev uputiti sudu te su iste analizirane u kontekstu mogućih poboljšanja de lege ferenda. U radu je posebna pozornost posvećena području primjene klauzule rebus sic stantibus, s naglaskom na njezinu moguću primjenu i na jednostranoobvezne ugovore. S obzirom na to da je sudska praksa oduvijek imala veliki utjecaj na formiranje ovog instituta, rad također donosi brojne primjere sudskih presuda koje se odnose na izmjenu ili raskid ugovora zbog promijenjenih okolnosti
This paper deals with the influence of hardship (frustration) clause (clausula rebus sic stantibus) on the contract and the possibility of the party affected by changed circumstances to request a ...judge to modify or terminate the contract. The paper presents a brief historical overview of the institute of clausula rebus sic stantibus in Croatian and some European legal systems. The conditions under which the affected party can make a claim to the court are listed and analyzed in the context of possible solutions de lege ferenda. Special attention is given to the scope of this clause, with the emphasis on unilateral contracts. Since case law always had a big impact on this institute, the paper brings numerous court decisions pertaining to modification or termination of contracts due to changed circumstances.
SAD i Kuba sklopili su 1903. godine međunarodni ugovor o zakupu zemljišta u svrhu uspostave američke vojne baze u Guantanamu, u svrhu logističke potpore američkom brodovlju i snagama u širem području ...Panamskog prokopa. Kasniji ugovor, potpisan 1934. godine, potvrdio je neprekidnost prijašnjeg zakupa sve dok se obje strane ne suglase o izmjeni ili prestanku međusobnog sporazuma. Kuba već dulje vrijeme želi ukinuti predmetnu vojnu bazu, dok SAD ničime ne pokazuje namjeru da je napusti. U prilog tezi o temeljnoj promjeni okolnosti kao mogućem načinu prestanka ugovora treba konstatirati da su odnosi Kube i SAD-a duboko poremećeni, da suvremeno vojno naoružanje i sredstva prijevoza bazu čine suvišnom kao međupostaju u zaštiti Panamskog prokopa te da u novije vrijeme baza u Guantanamu SAD-u služi i kao zatvor, odnosno centar za zadržavanje stranih državljana.
Este artigo aborda os aspectos político e jurídico dos contratos. O objetivo do trabalho é demonstrar que, isolado o aspecto jurídico, perdem-se de vista os fundamentos dos contratos. Como estudo de ...caso, propõe-se a análise da cláusula rebus sic stantibus, cuja importância põe a necessidade de a teoria contratual reexaminar sua natureza. A investigação inicia-se com uma apresentação do problema das circunstâncias e da cláusula rebus sic stantibus nos contratos civis. Em seguida, a investigação se orienta para as teorias do contrato social a fim de reavivar o paralelo existente entre as obrigações jurídicas, a obediência política e o contratualismo. Ao final, expõe-se a contribuição anômala de Spinoza para a reflexão proposta, na qual se encontram subsídios para identificar os elementos da cláusula rebus sic stantibus comuns ao direito e à política.
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