In India, for the year 2012, 144,937 women were newly detected with breast cancer and 70,218 women died of it. For every 2 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, one lady is dying of it. The aim ...of this study is to evaluate clinical parameters and pathological findings including various Immuno-histochemistry (IHC) markers like ER, PR, HER-2 NEU, CK5/6, EGFR, Ki-67 in cases of carcinoma breast and classify them into molecular classification based on IHC markers and try to correlate them clinically.
This prospective, observational study was carried out in 56 patients with early carcinoma breast (stage-I and stage-II) and IHC evaluation for various markers was done. Data was analysed by using Molecular Classification, divide them into estrogen positive (luminal HER-2, luminal A and luminal B) and estrogen negative (Triple negative or basal cell type, HER-2Neu type and normal breast like phenotype) subtypes. We had correlated this data with parameters like age of the patient, clinical and pathological staging of the breast carcinoma, presence or absence of nodes and presence or absence of other IHC parameters.
We used ANOVA-F test to catagories variables and measure the test of significance. On IHC in Her-2 neu equivocal cases (patients who had two “++” positive points), we performed FISH test. Out of these 17 equivocal cases, only 3 were positive, 10 were negative and 4 patients did not underwent this test due to several reasons. Finally, Ki-67 value is significantly high in triple negative and Luminal-B patients. NPI is also having low ‘P’value, although not reaching the level of significance.
Types of breast carcinoma, which look histologically similar behaves differently in their clinical presentation and in prognosis.In our study only Ki-67 was correlated with poor prognostic subtype of molecular classification but no any poor risk of clinical or histological parameter was correlated significantly with bad prognostic subtype of molecular classification as Luminal-B or triple negative type. We can say that this molecular classification is different in terms of prognosis in patients with similar looking clinical and histological parameters.
In this short review we focus on the problems faced by clinicians caused by the changing definitions of polyarteritis nodosa.
The term polyarteritis nodosa has been used for more than 100 years as a ...diagnostic term for patients with systemic vasculitis; however, specific vasculitides have been singled out like branches being chopped off a tree. Now, so little is left of the trunk of that tree that it is questionable to what extent we can trust older literature with respect to clinical features, natural history and response to treatment. Many authors of case reports, as well as authors of reviews and book chapters, claim they adhere to the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference definition of polyarteritis nodosa, yet still cite almost exclusively studies using older definitions without highlighting this dilemma. In the past year, two proposals affecting classification have been published: one stating that cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis-associated polyarteritis nodosa are diseases distinct from classical polyarteritis nodosa, and one providing an algorithm to separate microscopic polyangiitis from classical polyarteritis nodosa.
There is hope that a wide acceptance of the new classification principles will lead to a more uniform way to diagnose classical polyarteritis nodosa, which will facilitate clinical studies and eventually improve management.
This paper discusses the quality assessment of final-year BSc Engineering Honours projects within the School of Engineering, Science and Design at Glasgow Caledonian University. The issues of ...objectives and outcomes, assessment instruments and tools, marking criteria, methods of good practice, honours classifications, awarding creativity and innovation, and addressing plagiarism are all discussed.
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