Confronting the coffee crisis Bacon, Christopher M
2008, 20080118, 2008-03-04, 2008-01-18, 20080101, 20080201, Volume:
1
eBook, Book
Combining interdisciplinary research with case study analysis at scales ranging from the local to the global, Confronting the Coffee Crisis reveals the promise and the perils of efforts to create a ...more sustainable coffee industry
Our morning cups of coffee connect us to a global industry and an export crisis in the tropics that is destroying livelihoods, undermining the cohesion of families and communities, and threatening ecosystems. Confronting the Coffee Crisis explores small-scale farming, the political economy of the global coffee industry, and initiatives that claim to promote more sustainable rural development in coffee-producing communities. Contributors review the historical, political, economic, and agroecological processes within today's coffee industry and analyze the severely depressed export market that faces small-scale growers in Mexico and Central America.
The book presents a series of interdisciplinary, empirically rich case studies showing how small-scale farmers manage ecosystems and organize collectively as they seek useful collaborations with international NGOs and coffee companies to create opportunities for themselves in the coffee market. The findings demonstrate the interconnections among farmer livelihoods, biodiversity, conservation, and changing coffee markets. Additional chapters examine alternative trade practices, certification, and eco-labeling, discussing the politics and market growth of organic, shade-grown, and Fair Trade coffees. Combining interdisciplinary research with case-study analysis at scales ranging from the local to the global, Confronting the Coffee Crisis reveals the promise and the perils of efforts to create a more sustainable coffee industry.
Contributors
Christopher M. Bacon, David B. Bray, Sasha Courville, Jonathan A. Fox, Stephen R. Gliessman, David Goodman, Carlos Guadarrama-Zugasti, Shayna Harris, Roberta Jaffe, Maria Elena Martinez-Torres, V. Ernesto Mendez, Ellen Contreras Murphy, Tad Mutersbaugh, Seth Petchers, Jose Luis Plaza-Sanchez, Laura Trujillo, Silke Mason Westphal
Brazil is the country which has produced the most coffee for over 150 years, and to achieve high productivity, pesticides are the most common control measure for pests. Due to the need to adopt less ...impactful control practices, natural enemies or insecticides of botanical origin have been studied as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. However, botanical pesticides can negatively affect some natural enemies, and the effect depends on the formulation and concentration. The objective of this study was to estimate the survival of green lacewing larvae, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen), exposed to different doses of neem-based products, whose active ingredient is azadirachtin (Azamaxsup.®: 0 (control treatment with distilled water), 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, and 108 mg a.i. Lsup.−1; Organic neemsup.®: 0, 3.3, 6.6, 9.9, 13.2, 16.5, 19.8, 23.1, and 26.4 mg a.i. Lsup.−1; Natuneemsup.®: 0, 3.8, 7.5, 10.5, 15.0, 18.8, 22.5, 26.3, 30.0, and 33.8 mg a.i. Lsup.−1), using a parametric approach. Predator larvae were exposed to neem-based insecticides and evaluated for 20 days. Survival curves estimated by the models-Log-logistic for Azamaxsup.®, Weibull for Organic neemsup.®, and Log-normal for Natuneemsup.®-demonstrated an inverse relationship between increasing doses and survival time. These concluded that the application dose should be less than 84 mg a.i. Lsup.−1 for Azamaxsup.®, 19.8 mg a.i. Lsup.−1 for Organic neemsup.®, and 26.3 mg a.i. Lsup.−1 for Natuneemsup.® to keep 50% of the green lacewings alive for 13 days, which is the average time for the larval cycle of C. externa.
Brewing justice Jaffee, Daniel
2007, 2007., 20070328, 2007-04-27, 20070401
eBook, Book
Fair trade is a fast-growing alternative market intended to bring better prices and greater social justice to small farmers around the world. But is it working? This vivid study of coffee farmers in ...Mexico offers the first thorough investigation of the social, economic, and environmental benefits of fair trade. Based on extensive research in Zapotec indigenous communities in the state of Oaxaca, Brewing Justice follows the members of the cooperative Michiza, whose organic coffee is sold on the international fair trade market. It compares these families to conventional farming families in the same region, who depend on local middlemen and are vulnerable to the fluctuations of the world coffee market. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book carries readers into the lives of these coffee producer households and their communities, offering a nuanced analysis of both the effects of fair trade on everyday life and the limits of its impact. Brewing Justice paints a clear picture of the complex dynamics of the fair trade market and its relationship to the global economy. Drawing on interviews with dozens of fair trade leaders, the book also explores the changing politics of this international movement, including the challenges posed by the entry of transnational corporations into the fair trade system. It concludes by offering recommendations for strengthening and protecting the integrity of fair trade.
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an excellent example of mass plant propagation. Due to its genetic variability and low somaclonal variation, coffee SE has become a model for in vitro propagation of ...woody species, as well as for large-scale production of vigorous plants that are advantageous to modern agriculture. The success of the large-scale propagation of an embryogenic system is dependent on the development, optimization, and transfer of complementary system technologies. In this study, two successful SE systems were combined with a SETIS™ bioreactor immersion system to develop an efficient and cost-effective approach for the in vitro development of somatic embryos of Coffea spp. This study used an efficient protocol for obtaining somatic embryos, utilizing direct and indirect SE for both C. canephora and C. arabica. Embryos in the cotyledonary stage were deposited in a bioreactor to complete their stage of development from embryo to plant with minimal manipulation. Following ten weeks of cultivation in the bioreactor, complete and vigorous plants were obtained. Different parameters such as fresh weight, length, number of leaves, and root length, as well as stomatal index and relative water content, were recorded. In addition, the survival rate and ex vitro development of plantlets during acclimatization was assessed. The best substrate combination was garden soil (GS), peat moss (PM), and agrolite (A) in a 1:1:0.5 ratio, in which the bioreactor-regenerated plants showed an acclimatization rate greater than 90%. This is the first report on the use of SETIS™ bioreactors for the in vitro development of somatic embryos in Coffea spp., providing a technology that could be utilized for the commercial in vitro propagation of coffee plants. A link between research and innovation is necessary to establish means of communication that facilitate technology transfer. This protocol can serve as a basis for the generation and scaling of different species of agroeconomic importance. However, other bottlenecks in the production chains and the field must be addressed.
In the 1890s, Spanish entrepreneurs spearheaded the emergence of Córdoba, Veracruz, as Mexico's largest commercial center for coffee preparation and export to the Atlantic community. Seasonal women ...workers quickly became the major part of the agroindustry's labor force. As they grew in numbers and influence in the first half of the twentieth century, these women shaped the workplace culture and contested gender norms through labor union activism and strong leadership. Their fight for workers' rights was supported by the revolutionary state and negotiated within its industrial-labor institutions until they were replaced by machines in the 1960s.Heather Fowler-Salamini's Working Women, Entrepreneurs, and the Mexican Revolution analyzes the interrelationships between the region's immigrant entrepreneurs, workforce, labor movement, gender relations, and culture on the one hand, and social revolution, modernization, and the Atlantic community on the other between the 1890s and the 1960s. Using extensive archival research and oral-history interviews, Fowler-Salamini illustrates the ways in which the immigrant and women's work cultures transformed Córdoba's regional coffee economy and in turn influenced the development of the nation's coffee agro-export industry and its labor force.
•First study on application of PCA to co-pyrolysis of CS and CIR.•Using ANN model to predicted TG data of co-pyrolysis of CS and CIR.•The pyrolysis properties of the blends were improved by adding ...CIR.•The co-pyrolysis of CS and CIR had obvious synergistic effect.•The emissions of greenhouse gases could be reduced by adding 30% CIR to the blends.
In this study, thermogravimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) were used to analyze the co-pyrolysis characteristics of coal slime (CS) and coffee industry residue (CIR) at different heating rates. The CS and CIR were mixed according to five mass ratios of 1:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and 0:1. Through the detection of gas emission and mass loss rate with temperature changing, the results showed that the co-pyrolysis of CS - CIR revealed a synergistic effect, and blending of 30 % CIR in CS could reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to reduce the dimensionality of experiment and identify the main reactions of CIR-CS co-pyrolysis. Two non-isothermal methods (Kissinger – Akahira - Sunose and Flynn – Wall - Ozawa) determined the law of kinetic parameter (Eα) and thermodynamic parameters changing with the degree of conversion (α). Three input parameters (temperature, heating rate, and blending ratio) and one output parameter (mass loss percentage) were used in artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict CS and CIR co-pyrolysis TG data. ANN 11 was the best predictive model for the co-pyrolysis of CS and CIR.
•Artificial neural network predicted experiment data of samples combustion.•Principal component analysis determined the main reaction of samples combustion.•Adding coffee industry residue to samples ...could improve combustion performance.•Co-combustion of samples could inhibit the emission of toxic and harmful gases.
Faced with the problems of the environment and resources, the co-combustion of sewage sludge has gradually become a trend. In this paper, the combination of thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) was used to study the co-combustion of sewage sludge (SS) and coffee industry residues (CIR). SS and CIR were mixed according to the mass ratios of 1:0, 9:1, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 1:9, and 0:1, and the temperature was programmed to be heated to 800 ℃ in the atmosphere with an air flow rate of 50 mL/min. The percentages of mass loss during combustion of SS and CIR were 55.8% and 96.8%, respectively. As the mass percentage of CIR increased, the comprehensive combustion index (CCI) of the sample improved. The Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), and Starink methods were used to evaluate the activation energy (Eα) of the reaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to determine the main reaction and predict experimental data of co-combustion of SS and CIR, respectively.
