Precise modelling of the influence of climate change on Arabica coffee is limited; there are no data available for indigenous populations of this species. In this study we model the present and ...future predicted distribution of indigenous Arabica, and identify priorities in order to facilitate appropriate decision making for conservation, monitoring and future research. Using distribution data we perform bioclimatic modelling and examine future distribution with the HadCM3 climate model for three emission scenarios (A1B, A2A, B2A) over three time intervals (2020, 2050, 2080). The models show a profoundly negative influence on indigenous Arabica. In a locality analysis the most favourable outcome is a c. 65% reduction in the number of pre-existing bioclimatically suitable localities, and at worst an almost 100% reduction, by 2080. In an area analysis the most favourable outcome is a 38% reduction in suitable bioclimatic space, and the least favourable a c. 90% reduction, by 2080. Based on known occurrences and ecological tolerances of Arabica, bioclimatic unsuitability would place populations in peril, leading to severe stress and a high risk of extinction. This study establishes a fundamental baseline for assessing the consequences of climate change on wild populations of Arabica coffee. Specifically, it: (1) identifies and categorizes localities and areas that are predicted to be under threat from climate change now and in the short- to medium-term (2020-2050), representing assessment priorities for ex situ conservation; (2) identifies 'core localities' that could have the potential to withstand climate change until at least 2080, and therefore serve as long-term in situ storehouses for coffee genetic resources; (3) provides the location and characterization of target locations (populations) for on-the-ground monitoring of climate change influence. Arabica coffee is confimed as a climate sensitivite species, supporting data and inference that existing plantations will be neagtively impacted by climate change.
Physiological conditioning is reported to result in faster and more uniform seedling emergence in the field and induces tolerance to environmental adversities. This study aimed to evaluate the ...efficiency of physiological conditioning on Coffea arabica L. seeds and drying rates through germination tests and enzymatic activity. C. arabica seeds from Catuai Amarelo, with water contents of 43, 35 and 12%, were conditioned with distilled water, cathodic and anodic water, ascorbic acid, and sodium nitroprusside. The efficiency of the treatments was analyzed through tests of germination, emergence, electrical conductivity, and seedling growth. The activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were also measured. No priming agent was found to improve germination on seeds dried up to 12% water content, as little or no differences were found for those at 43%, while either ascorbic acid or sodium nitroprusside effectively improved vigor on 35% water content seeds. Our results indicate that sodium nitroprusside or ascorbic acid can be used as molecules to improve coffee seed vigor.
Coffee consumption is changing. Monodose, flavoured coffee capsules provide new experiences beyond the traditional custom of brewing coffee. These pods allow access to a selection of premium coffee ...worldwide but create huge quantities of plastic-aluminium packaging waste. The paper examines the novelty of coffee capsule consumption in Brazil in terms of consumers' perspectives about ethical enterprise and environmental stewardship. We argue for 'waste to resource' management and applying reverse logistics to the coffee production supply chain. Based on circular economy principles and fuelled by the 'green' awareness of Brazilian coffee consumers, we propose a conceptual framework to support business decision-making by adopting a systemic intervention from the consumer viewpoint. To structure the situation, we conducted over 40 interviews, using purposive sampling. Analytic hierarchy process, value focused thinking and Rich Picture technique informed our problem structuring approach. Findings illustrate that reverse logistics supply chain in coffee capsule manufacturing presents real challenges to achieving circular practice. Yet, the eco-values of Brazilian coffee enthusiasts may be partly considered a 'wealth of information flow' and a potential driving force for change. This paper should be of interest to researchers/practitioners exploring how consumers may contribute to behavioural change, towards more circular business.
The growing number of voluntary standards for governing transnational arenas is presenting standards organizations with a problem. While claiming that they are pursuing shared, overarching ...objectives, at the same time they are promoting their own respective standards that are increasingly similar. By developing the notion of ‘standards markets’, this paper examines this tension and studies how different social movement and industry-driven standards organizations compete as well as collaborate over governance in transnational arenas. Based on an in-depth case study of sustainability standards in the global coffee industry, we find that the ongoing co-existence of multiple standards is being promoted by the interplay between two countervailing mechanisms: convergence and differentiation. In conjunction, these mechanisms are enabling the emergence and persistence of a market for standards through what we describe as meta-standardization of sustainable practices. Meta-standardization leads to convergence at the ‘rules of the game’ level, but allows also differentiation at the attributes level, which is enabling parties to create and maintain their own standards. Our study helps to advance the understanding of transnational governance by explaining the dynamics of competing and collaborating non-state actors in constituting a standards market.
This study examined a sequential Electro-Coagulation-Anodic Oxidation (EC-AO) process, using low-cost electrodes (EC: iron/stainless steel and AO: graphite/stainless steel), as an alternative for the ...treatment of soluble coffee industrial effluent (a complex mixture of organic macromolecules). Process operational parameters were optimized using experimental design, ANOVA, the response surface methodology, and a constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm. Experimental results allow discussing the role of graphite electrode, the mineralization via hydroxyl radicals and chlorine species (mainly as HClO and ClO− as defined from pH conditions and equilibrium calculations). EC-AO treatment allows achieving ca. 97% decolorization, as well as 72% and 65% of COD and TOC removal, respectively, with total operation costs of 10.81 USD/m3. The Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD) analysis showed that during the EC step, contaminants with molecular weight > 30 kDa were effectively decomposed. In contrast, AO was quite efficient in the mineralization of contaminants with MW in the range of 5 to 10 kDa. A kinetic analysis of EC-AO allowed defining the operation time of ca. 160 min required to meet permissible discharge limits for soluble coffee effluents, established by Colombian legislation; and obtaining COD and TOC degradation rate laws for upcoming studies on process conceptual design. Finally, the EC-AO process yielded an oxidized (AOS = 0.687), biocompatible (BOD5/COD = 0.41) not toxic effluent.
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•Integrated EC-AO process was optimized for treatment of soluble coffee effluent.•The EC-AO process allows removing: color (97%), COD (72%), and TOC (65%).•EC effectively decomposed contaminants with MW > 30 kDa.•AO was efficient in mineralization of contaminants with MW in the range of 5–10 kDa.•Acute toxicity test confirmed the biocompatibility of the treated effluent.
Background: The current flourishing of the specialty coffee market has motivated the development of this research on the basis that the harvested coffee fruits are a determining factor in drink ...quality. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the composition of harvested coffee (Coffea arabica L.) regarding the organoleptic quality of the coffee drink for the varieties Caturra and Colombia. Methods: Treatments for the assessed varieties were defined with different percentage compositions of coffee fruits M1 (100R), M2 (80R, 13OV, 7SR), M3 (60R, 26OV, 12SR, 2UR) and the control M4, which included fruits in different ripening stages, ripe (R), overripe (OV), semi-ripe (SR) and unripe (UR), in different proportions in experimental units of 10 kg of harvested coffee. The experimental design envisaged 3 rounds (repetitions) of harvest. The harvested coffee was classified manually according to its ripening stage using a previously developed scale based on colorimetry and recording the degrees Brix of 50 fruits in each ripening stage. The standardized wet processing method was carried out; a Q Grader cupping panel of five members was used for the sensory analysis of the coffee drink. Results: The results showed that for the variety Caturra statistical differences in cup quality between treatments were not found, whereas for the variety Colombia, treatments M1 and M3 showed similar behavior, with statistically significant differences regarding M2 and M4. Finally, the mathematical modeling obtained to predict the cup score depending on the coffee ripening stages composition, counted with coefficients of determination R2 of 0.833 and 0.852 with an error of 1.85 and 1.03% for the varieties Caturra and Colombia, respectively. Conclusions: The model developed with fuzzy logic and validated with information from other farms, presented an error of less than 2% in the estimation of the cup as a function of the ripening stages composition of the coffee varieties Caturra and Colombia.
Coffee is a crop of significant importance for Brazilian agrobusiness. There is evidence that both the geographic distribution of coffee production, and the varieties of coffee produced, have changed ...throughout Brazil over the course of time. Furthermore, it appears that these developments are associated with structural changes resulting from reductions in government intervention and its effects on prices in the coffee market, which has established a new dynamic of coffee production in the country. In this context, this study's objective is to analyze the dynamics of coffee production in Brazil, to identify the Brazilian micro-regions specializing in coffee activities, and to track how the spatial distribution of these micro-regions has varied over time. In so doing, the study aims to identify defining economic characteristics of primary coffee-producing regions. Drawing primarily on data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, the study proceeds by applying Pearson correlation, Granger causality test, location quotient, principal components, and clustering analyses to explore how, during the 1984-2015 period, significant changes occurred in the distribution of regions specializing in coffee production. States such as Paraná and São Paulo, historically important coffee producers, declined in importance, leaving only a few micro-regions in these states specialized in coffee production. During the 2014/15 biennium, 80% of the coffee-specialized micro-regions were concentrated in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Rondônia, and Espírito Santo. Minas Gerais and Bahia primarily produced arabica coffee, while Rondônia specialized in conilon (robusta) coffee. Overall, coffee produced in Brazil improved in quality and value-added over this period.
The coffee industry is one of the most important commercial value chains worldwide. Nonetheless, it is also associated to several social, economic, and environmental concerns that impair its ...sustainability. The present review is focused on these main sustainability concerns from the field to the coffee cup, as well as on the strategies that are being developed and/or implemented to attain sustainability and circular economy principles in the different chain segments. In this context, distinct approaches have been applied, such as sustainable certifications (e.g., voluntary sustainability standards), corporate sustainability initiatives, direct trade, relationship coffee concepts, geographical indication, legislations, waste management, and byproducts valorization, among others. These strategies are addressed and discussed throughout this review, as well as their recognized advantages and limitations. Overall, there is still a long way to go to attain the much‐desired sustainability in the coffee chain, being essential to join the efforts of all actors and entities directly or indirectly involved, namely, producers, retailers, roasters, governments, educational institutions (such as universities and scientific research institutes), and organizations.
O objetivo deste estudo é entender o papel das associações na dinâmica do setor cafeeiro por meio da análise do papel da ABIC na coordenação do Sistema Agroindustrial do café como enfoque nos selos ...de qualidade. Foram realizadas pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de documentos históricos. Os resultados demonstram que a ABIC contribui para a coordenação do sistema agroindustrial do café ratificando estudos anteriores baseados na teoria institucional. Este estudo cria proposições em termos teóricos no campo de estudos de ações coletivas e propõe um esquema conceitual de análise para pesquisa em sistemas agroindustriais. O suporte da ABIC na coordenação do sistema agroindustrial por meio de seus selos de qualidade tem sido um fator importante para proporcionar força competitiva aos seus associados
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