In the above article <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1 , the following disclosures should have appeared. Dietrich Haubenberger is now employed by Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, ...USA. James McNames is an employee of APDM, Portland, OR 97201, USA, a company that may have a commercial interest in the results of this research and technology. This potential conflict of interest has been reviewed and managed by OHSU.
The Bell System dominated telecommunications in the United States and Canada for most of the twentieth century, but its monopoly was not inevitable. In the decades around 1900, ordinary ...citizens-farmers, doctors, small-town entrepreneurs-established tens of thousands of independent telephone systems, stringing their own wires to bring this new technology to the people. Managed by opportunists and idealists alike, these small businesses were motivated not only by profit but also by the promise of open communication as a weapon against monopoly capital and for protection of regional autonomy. As the Bell empire grew, independents fought fiercely to retain control of their local networks and companies-a struggle with an emerging corporate giant that has been almost entirely forgotten.
The People's Networkreconstructs the story of the telephone's contentious beginnings, exploring the interplay of political economy, business strategy, and social practice in the creation of modern North American telecommunications. Drawing from government documents in the United States and Canada, independent telephone journals and publications, and the archives of regional Bell operating companies and their rivals, Robert MacDougall locates the national debates over the meaning, use, and organization of the telephone industry as a turning point in the history of information networks. The competing businesses represented dueling political philosophies: regional versus national identity and local versus centralized power. Although independent telephone companies did not win their fight with big business, they fundamentally changed the way telecommunications were conceived.
The past two decades have witnessed the rapid proliferation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) in armed conflicts around the world, with PMSCs participating in, for example, offensive ...combat, prisoner interrogation and the provision of advice and training. The extensive outsourcing of military and security activities has challenged conventional conceptions of the state as the primary holder of coercive power and raised concerns about the reduction in state control over the use of violence. Hannah Tonkin critically analyses the international obligations on three key states - the hiring state, the home state and the host state of a PMSC - and identifies the circumstances in which PMSC misconduct may give rise to state responsibility. This analysis will facilitate the assessment of state responsibility in cases of PMSC misconduct and set standards to guide states in developing their domestic laws and policies on private security.
O artigo analisa a política de investimentos da Pemex para o período 1980-2019, com base na gestão de outras empresas petrolíferas. A questão central é se, nas últimas quatro décadas, foi conveniente ...para a Pemex se especializar na extração de petróleo, enquanto outras empresas focaram no desenvolvimento integral da cadeia de suprimentos. A resposta é negativa. A venda de petróleo bruto e o abandono do refino fizeram do México um importador líquido de combustíveis, tendência que, hoje, busca ser revertida, em um ambiente de alta carga fiscal e alto endividamento da empresa.
•Digitalisation's diffusion, advantages, and impact on performance were explored.•Few studies have analysed digitalisation and its implementation in listed companies.•Italian listed companies do not ...have a high degree of digitalisation initiatives.•Digitalisation is positively associated with Italian listed companies’ performance.
Digitalisation has become embedded in products and services, and it increasingly supports corporate business processes. However, few empirical studies have analysed the state of digitalisation and its implementation within companies, and the extant literature has painted an inconsistent picture concerning the effects of digitalisation. This survey-based study explores the diffusion of digitalisation, the advantages and difficulties in the practical transition to digitalisation, and its impact on performance. The sample includes Italian listed companies across diverse industries. The results highlight the still embryonic adoption of digital tools to support daily company operations; however, the impacts of digitalisation on company performance are noticeable. This research contributes to the literature on digitalisation and performance, breaks new ground by focusing on listed companies, and has implications for management investment in digitalisation for value creation.
When we first think of failure, we often go to our own personal stories. Sometimes, however, those failures are brought into the public view. As a reminder that even famous companies are made up of ...fallible people, the following are some short case studies of epic product failures. For now, we'll focus on products and services because they're easier to relate to. You might have even held them in your hand and thought to yourself, "This thing is dumb," or "I would not make that same mistake."
Recent years have seen a growing role for private military contractors in national and international security. To understand the reasons for this, Elke Krahmann examines changing models of the state, ...the citizen and the soldier in the UK, the US and Germany. She focuses on both the national differences with regard to the outsourcing of military services to private companies and their specific consequences for the democratic control over the legitimate use of armed force. Tracing developments and debates from the late eighteenth century to the present, she explains the transition from the centralized warfare state of the Cold War era to the privatized and fragmented security governance, and the different national attitudes to the privatization of force.
A ground-breaking collection of essays that explores the place of the Dutch and English East India Companies in Asia and the nature of their interactions with Asian rulers, officials, merchants, ...soldiers and brokers. The Dutch and English East India Companies were formidable organizations that were gifted with expansive powers that allowed them to conduct diplomacy, raise armies and seize territorial possessions. But they did not move into an empty arena in which they were free to deploy these powers without resistance. Early modern Asia stood at the center of the global economy and was home to powerful states and sprawling commercial networks. With contributions from the most innovative historians working on the companies today, this book presents new ways to understand these organizations by focusing on their diplomatic, commercial and military interactions with Asia.
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