Abstract
Humans compete for jobs, promotions, income, status, and many other scarce goods. In some situations, allocating scarce goods via competition is socially beneficial. In other situations, ...competition is not necessary to allocate goods, and nevertheless engaging in competition creates inefficiencies and welfare loss. We use an incentivized lab experiment to study whether people compete differently depending on whether allocating scarce goods via competition is socially wasteful or socially beneficial. We find that competition behavior is strikingly similar in situations where competing is socially wasteful and socially beneficial. Accordingly, there is large excess competition in situations of wasteful competition, creating considerable efficiency losses. We find evidence of a social trap involved in this excess competition. People are considerably more likely to compete if they believe others compete, and their beliefs on others’ competition are similar in situations where competing is socially wasteful and socially beneficial. Interventions aimed at lowering beliefs on others’ competition may be an effective method of lowering excess competition to prevent inefficiencies and welfare loss.
As micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) brasileiras atuam em contextos peculiares e cumprem um papel importante na geração de emprego e renda, sendo as dificuldades com o planejamento um fator de ...mortalidade precoce. Considerando que uma posição competitiva adequada contribui para as empresas alcançarem níveis superiores de lucratividade em seus segmentos, bem como que o processo de planejamento da estratégia competitiva pressupõe a análise do posicionamento atual, considera-se relevante identificar o posicionamento competitivo corrente dessas empresas, no processo da estratégia de negócios. Para mapear o posicionamento competitivo das MPEs pesquisadas neste estudo metodológico, bibliográfico e de campo, desenvolveu-se estrutura para investigar aspectos extraídos da base teórica relativos a características do posicionamento competitivo, do desempenho competitivo e do setor de atuação. O nível de adequação das MPEs à teoria do posicionamento competitivo foi avaliado com base em dados coletados por meio de questionário estruturado, que foram tratados com a utilização de estatísticas descritivas. O problema da operacionalização do posicionamento competitivo empresarial restou superado, em razão do alcance dos objetivos da pesquisa. Para a teoria, o produto desta pesquisa metodológica adiciona um instrumento operacional inédito para auxiliar no diagnóstico e planejamento do posicionamento estratégico competitivo. Para a prática empresarial, em particular para o tipo estudado de MPEs, constitui mecanismo de análise, mapeamento e comparação da estratégia competitiva corrente das empresas, cujo diagnóstico resultante pode ser aplicado como subsídio às escolhas estratégicas futuras, com potencial para contribuir para a coerência e a consistência da estratégia competitiva dessas empresas, ao longo do tempo.
This is a constantly changing era. With the development of economic globalization, domestic and foreign enterprises are constantly facing fierce competition. The so-called “pulling the trigger and ...moving the whole body” refers to the chain interaction effect between the competitive behavior of enterprises and competitors, and its means are hierarchical and mutually influencing. In recent years, not only has national policies strongly supported green environmental protection, but green innovation, as an important component of an enterprise’s core competitiveness, is not only affected by the intensity of competition between both sides of the competition, but also has a catalytic effect on improving enterprise environmental performance. In the context of green transformation, enterprises have spontaneous learning behaviors, constantly learning, selecting, and accumulating competitive experience. This article discusses the key factors that affect the viability of organizations in the process of green transformation, as well as how enterprises can obtain competitive advantages in a constantly changing environment, providing useful insights for improving organizational viability.
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