What explains variability in norms of cooperation across organizations and cultures? One answer comes from the tendency of individuals to internalize typically successful behaviors as norms. ...Different institutional structures can cause different behavioral norms to be internalized. These norms are then carried over into atypical situations beyond the reach of the institution. Here, we experimentally demonstrate such spillovers. First, we immerse subjects in environments that do or do not support cooperation using repeated prisoner’s dilemmas. Afterwards, we measure their intrinsic prosociality in one-shot games. Subjects from environments that support cooperation are more prosocial, more likely to punish selfishness, and more trusting in general. Furthermore, these effects are most pronounced among subjects who use heuristics, suggesting that intuitive processes play a key role in the spillovers we observe. Our findings help to explain variation in one-shot anonymous cooperation, linking this intrinsically motivated prosociality to the externally imposed institutional rules experienced in other settings.
Data, as supplemental material, are available at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2168
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This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Shared decision-making (SDM) is rarely implemented in pediatric practice. Pediatric health decision-making differs from that of adult practice. Yet, little is known about the factors that influence ...the implementation of pediatric shared decision-making (SDM). We synthesized pediatric SDM barriers and facilitators from the perspectives of healthcare providers (HCP), parents, children, and observers (i.e., persons who evaluated the SDM process, but were not directly involved).
We conducted a systematic review guided by the Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU). We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO (inception to March 2017) and included studies that reported clinical pediatric SDM barriers and/or facilitators from the perspective of HCPs, parents, children, and/or observers. We considered all or no comparison groups and included all study designs reporting original data. Content analysis was used to synthesize barriers and facilitators and categorized them according to the OMRU levels (i.e., decision, innovation, adopters, relational, and environment) and participant types (i.e., HCP, parents, children, and observers). We used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool to appraise study quality.
Of 20,008 identified citations, 79 were included. At each OMRU level, the most frequent barriers were features of the options (decision), poor quality information (innovation), parent/child emotional state (adopter), power relations (relational), and insufficient time (environment). The most frequent facilitators were low stake decisions (decision), good quality information (innovation), agreement with SDM (adopter), trust and respect (relational), and SDM tools/resources (environment). Across participant types, the most frequent barriers were insufficient time (HCPs), features of the options (parents), power imbalances (children), and HCP skill for SDM (observers). The most frequent facilitators were good quality information (HCP) and agreement with SDM (parents and children). There was no consistent facilitator category for observers. Overall, study quality was moderate with quantitative studies having the highest ratings and mixed-method studies having the lowest ratings.
Numerous diverse and interrelated factors influence SDM use in pediatric clinical practice. Our findings can be used to identify potential pediatric SDM barriers and facilitators, guide context-specific barrier and facilitator assessments, and inform interventions for implementing SDM in pediatric practice.
PROSPERO CRD42015020527.
The hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) has turned out to be a powerful and flexible technique in representing decision makers' qualitative assessments in the processes of decision making. The ...aim of this paper is to develop a method to solve the multicriteria decision making (MCDM) problem within the context of HFLTS in which the criteria conflict with each other. To do so, the concepts of ideal solutions for a HFL-MCDM problem have been introduced. In addition, in order to represent the closeness of one solution to the ideal one, we propose a sort of hesitant fuzzy linguistic measures, such as the hesitant fuzzy linguistic group utility measure, the hesitant fuzzy linguistic individual regret measure, and the hesitant fuzzy linguistic compromise measure. Based on these measures, we develop a hesitant fuzzy linguistic VIKOR (HFL-VIKOR) method, which is motivated by the traditional VIKOR method. The general procedures for the HFL-VIKOR method are given. Some numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the advantages and practicality of our method. Finally, we make some discussions on the advantages of the HFL-VIKOR method, as well as future work.
Decision makers are often faced with several conflicting alternatives. How do they evaluate trade-offs when there are more than three criteria? To help people make optimal decisions, scholars in the ...discipline of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) continue to develop new methods for structuring preferences and determining the correct relative
Aims and objectives
To explore clinical nurses’ experiences of using emotional intelligence capabilities during clinical reasoning and decision‐making.
Background
There has been little research ...exploring whether, or how, nurses employ emotional intelligence (EI) in clinical reasoning and decision‐making.
Design
Qualitative phase of a larger mixed‐methods study.
Methods
Semistructured qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of registered nurses (n = 12) following EI training and coaching. Constructivist thematic analysis was employed to analyse the narrative transcripts.
Results
Three themes emerged: the sensibility to engage EI capabilities in clinical contexts, motivation to actively engage with emotions in clinical decision‐making and incorporating emotional and technical perspectives in decision‐making.
Conclusion
Continuing to separate cognition and emotion in research, theorising and scholarship on clinical reasoning is counterproductive.
Relevance to clinical practice
Understanding more about nurses’ use of EI has the potential to improve the calibre of decisions, and the safety and quality of care delivered.
•We define IVIHFCI operator to model interaction phenomena among criteria in MCGDM.•Hamming distance measure is defined for the elements of IVIHFS.•An IVIHFCI operator based TOPSIS method is proposed ...for MCGDM.•IVIHFCI operator based TOPSIS is applied in HRD process of candidate selection.
Inter-dependency among the decision criteria and difficulty of establishing a common membership grade are two important issues to be addressed in multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problems in the environment of uncertainty. The main purpose of this paper is to define the Choquet integral operator for interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy sets (IVIHFS) and to extend the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method using Choquet integral operator in interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy environment. In the present study we define interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy Choquet integral (IVIHFCI) operator and extend the definition of hamming distance for the elements of IVIHFS. Using IVIHFCI operator and hamming distance for IVIHFS, we extend TOPSIS method for MCGDM for interval-valued intuitionistic hesitant fuzzy environment considering the interaction phenomena among the decision criteria. An illustrative example has also been taken in the present study to understand the proposed method.
The COVID‐19 pandemic has rapidly evolved and changed our way of life in an unprecedented manner. The emergence of COVID‐19 has impacted transplantation worldwide. The impact has not been just ...restricted to issues pertaining to donors or recipients, but also health‐care resource utilization as the intensity of cases in certain jurisdictions exceeds available capacity. Here we provide a personal viewpoint representing different jurisdictions from around the world in order to outline the impact of the current COVID‐19 pandemic on organ transplantation. Based on our collective experience, we discuss mitigation strategies such as donor screening, resource planning, and a staged approach to transplant volume considerations as local resource issues demand. We also discuss issues related to transplant‐related research during the pandemic, the role of transplant infectious diseases, and the influence of transplant societies for education and disseminating current information.
The authors discuss the impact of COVID‐19 on donation and transplantation and provide a global framework for donor screening and management of transplant activity during the pandemic.
Macrocognition Metrics and Scenarios: Design and Evaluation for Real-World Teams translates advances in macrocognition into a format that will support immediate use by the software testing and ...evaluation community for large-scale systems, as well as real-world team trainers. It provides an overview of the theoretical foundations of macrocognition, describes new macrocognitive metrics, and provides guidance on using the metrics in the context of different approaches to evaluation and measurement of real-world teams.
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