Širenjem urbanih zona i povećanjem broja urbanog stanovništva, gradovi su postali najveći izvori onečišćenja. Suvremeni urbani sadržaji povećavaju kvalitetu života gradskog stanovništva, međutim ...mijenjaju prirodno stanje okoliša. Stoga se u suvremenoj biologiji počela isticati urbana ekologija - jedna od novijih disciplina presudna za urbanizam i urbanističko planiranje, koja omogućuje procjenu stanja okoliša u gradovima te provedbu sustavnog nadzora, u svrhu očuvanja i zaštite gradskih ekosustava, uključujući i urbane vodotoke. U ovom radu navodimo primjer istraživanja urbanih potoka u kojem se razmatraju razmjeri i moguće posljedice urbanih utjecaja na ekologiju vodenih ekosustava i koje može poslužiti kao osnova za objašnjavanje osnovnih ekoloških koncepata i sadržaja, kao što su struktura bioloških zajednica, hranidbene mreže, oligotrofija ili eutrofija, ekološka valencija i rasprostranjenost organizama, ekološka niša. Nadalje, povezivanjem tematike urbane ekologije s problematikom ugroženosti vodnih resursa te korištenjem urbanih potoka kao modelnih staništa za istraživanje ekoloških tema (i usvajanje ekoloških koncepata) u nastavi Prirode i Biologije, učenike se (osim važnih ekoloških koncepata) upoznaje i sa suvremenom ideologijom „zelenog rasta“, „zelenih“ gradova, održivog razvoja, zaštite okoliša te regionalnog razvoja. Opisano istraživanje primjereno je za učenike viših razreda osnovne škole (Biologija 7 i 8) i/ili za učenike srednjih škola (u vidu kratkoročnog i/ili dugoročnog ekološkog istraživanja urbanih potoka u neposrednoj blizini škole i/ili životne sredine učenika), a može se prilagoditi i za učenike mlađeg uzrasta.Predstavljeno istraživanje uključuje istraživanje ekološkog stanja urbanih potoka kroz praćenje: (i) kakvoće vode (fizičko-kemijskih svojstava vode); (ii) sastava vodene faune koja čini osnovu hranidbenih lanaca u vodenim ekosustavima (bentoskih makrobeskralježnjaka i organizama obraštaja); (iii) dinamike transporta (nizvodnog otplavljivanja) organizama u urbanim vodotocima; (iv) biotičkog indeksa na osnovu primijećenih makrobeskralježnjaka kao informaciji o onečišćenju vodotoka. Važno je napomenuti da odabrane aktivnosti mogu biti primijenjene u istraživanju osnovnih bioloških pokazatelja svih, a ne samo urbanih, vodenih ekosustava. U tom smislu, opisana metodologija može biti prilagođena i primijenjena za slična istraživanja ostalih tipova tekućica dostupnih učenicima. Pri provedbi aktivnosti, potiče se korištenje Priručnika za voditelje programa GLOBE, koji je dostupan na poveznici http://globe.pomsk.hr/prirucnik.htm, i kojim se već služi i više od stotinu hrvatskih škola uključenih u GLOBE mrežu, ali se predlažu i novije (kvantitativne) metode uzorkovanja makrobeskralježnjaka i organizama obraštaja, kao i pojednostavljeni ključevi za taksonomsku determinaciju organizama primjenjivi u nastavi Prirode i Biologije.
L’article présente une situation créée pour développer un apprentissage de la reconnaissance des arbres en classe de CM2, à l’aide de critères et d’un raisonnement à partir de ces critères. Cette ...situation a été conçue comme un jeu au cours duquel les élèves ont à reconnaître le plus rapidement et le plus justement possible 18 arbres situés dans un parc naturel en Haute-Savoie. Nous avons voulu créer une situation adidactique, au sens de G. Brousseau. Nous exposons dans cet article la situation et son analyse didactique. Lors de cette analyse nous avons identifié des variables didactiques, des phases et des stratégies possibles pour les élèves. Dans un premier temps nous présentons le principe du jeu et ses éléments. Dans un second temps nous formalisons l’analyse didactique, en référence, entre autres, à la théorie des situations de G. Brousseau.
In reference of the situation theory of G. Brousseau we have created an adidactic situation in the goal of learning pupil how to recognize trees. This situation was crated like a game which pupils must recognized as quick as possible and as precise as possible 18 trees in a wood in Haute-Savoie. In this paper we want to presente the situation we build and the didactic’s analyse we do. After this didactic’s ingeniery we have test and analyse the Florex situation at pupils in age of 12. It’s the description of this situation and the experimental results that we describe in this paper.
From New Caledonia 30 new species are described and documented by differential diagnoses (as determination keys mostly) and by figures. The species belong to 16 different genera. The zoogeography of ...the genera is analysed and related to palaegeographical events to obtain indications of their origin and of the former conditions of ecosystems. Obviously above all the palaeogeographic events of the Jurassic have caused the origin of groups of genera.
The results of a taxonomic study of the Cardamine pratensis group from the Carpathians and Pannonia are presented. Five species are shown to occur in the area studied, namely Cardamine pratensis L., ...C. matthioli Moretti, C. majovskii Marhold et Záborský, C. dentata Schult. and C. rivularis Schur. Full synonymy, descriptions, chromosome numbers, taxonomic history, distribution data and ecological notes are provided.
Species of Lemnaceae have a high potential for fast biomass production, and this is increasingly gaining attention among researchers in basic plant sciences as well as among entrepreneurs for feed, ...food and energy production. Hence, the correct identification of the species being used for different duckweed research and applications is becoming indispensable. Here, we present an updated identification key based on morphological markers to the currently accepted 36 species of duckweeds, considering all taxonomic revisions since the publication of the previous key by E. Landolt in 1986. We also provide supplementary morphological characterization and the geographical occurrence of each species of Lemnaceae.
This study aims to analyze the classification ability in animal biosystematics learning as the basis for making numerical taxonomies in biology education students. The method in this research ...consists of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Descriptive method is used for qualitative analysis and correlation method for quantitative analysis. The mixed methods strategy uses simultaneous triangulation because both qualitative and quantitative data are collected at the same time, then compared to identify convergence of differences or combinations of data. The number of students was 57 people who were divided into 11 groups. Ability classification is determined based on indicators that refer to science process skills. The classification ability indicator is made into six indicators, where each indicator is broken down into four sub indicators. The results of the analysis show that the classification abilities of the six indicators are: (1) recording each observation separately 89.04%, (2) looking for similarities and differences of 66.23%, (3) contrasting the features of 57.89%, (4) comparing of group characteristics 67.32%, (5) determining the basis for grouping 73.46%, and (6) connecting the results of observations 76.32%. The ability of individuals to make classifications in animal biosystematic learning reached 71.72%, while in groups it was 71.98%. Based on the results above, it can be concluded that the classification ability of participants in animal biosystematic learning is good with the medium category, this can support in making numerical taxonomy.
Classification of Taiwan forest vegetation Li, Ching-Feng; Chytrý, Milan; Zelený, David ...
Applied vegetation science,
October 2013, Volume:
16, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Aim: We identify the main forest vegetation types in Taiwan, provide their formal definitions and describe their species composition, habitat affinities and distribution. Location: Taiwan. Methods: A ...data set of 9822 vegetation plots with environmental characteristics recorded in the field or derived from digital maps in GIS was compiled from historical literature and an extensive field survey. Using expert knowledge, 6574 of these plots were used to build a classification into broad vegetation types. The units of the resulting classification were formally defined using a Cocktail determination key, which can be used for the automatic assignment of new vegetation plots to these vegetation types. Results: Twelve vegetation types of zonal forests and nine types of azonal forests were distinguished. Zonal types in the subtropical region, from high mountains to foothills, are Juniperus subalpine coniferous woodland, Abies–Tsuga upper-montane coniferous forest, Chamaecyparis montane mixed cloud forest, Fagus montane deciduous broad-leaved cloud forest, Quercus montane evergreen broad-leaved cloud forest, Machilus–Castanopsis sub-montane evergreen broad-leaved forest, Phoebe–Machilus sub-montane evergreen broad-leaved forest and Ficus–Machilus semi-evergreen foothill forest. Zonal types in the tropical region, from high mountains to foothills, are Pasania–Elaeocarpus montane evergreen broad-leaved cloud forest, Drypetes–Helicia sub-montane evergreen broad-leaved forest, Dysoxylum–Machilus foothill evergreen broad-leaved forest and Aglaia– Ficus foothill evergreen broad-leaved forest. Azonal types are Illicium–Cyclobalanopsis tropical winter monsoon forest, Pyrenaria–Machilus subtropical winter monsoon forest, Diospyros–Champereia tropical rock-outcrop forest, Zelkova–Quercus subtropical rock-outcrop forest, Pinus successional woodland, Alnus successional woodland, Trema–Mallotus successional woodland, Scaevola–Hibiscus seashore woodland and Kandelia mangrove. Conclusions: The diversity of forest vegetation in Taiwan is strongly structured by the temperature and moisture gradient. Along the temperature gradient, five altitudinal zones can be recognized. Azonal forest types develop at sites affected by the winter monsoon, on steep slopes, rocky soils, in seashore saline habitats and in places disturbed by fire, landslides and human activities. Zonal vegetation contains a higher ratio of endemic and Pacific species and occurs in wetter habitats, whereas azonal vegetation contains co-existing species from different regions and usually occurs in drier habitats.
PDF
