Dietary fibre has long been established as a nutritionally important, health-promoting food ingredient. Modern dietary practices have seen a significant reduction in fibre consumption compared with ...ancestral habits. This is related to the emergence of low-fibre “Western diets” associated with industrialised nations, and is linked to an increased prevalence of gut diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. The characteristic metabolic parameters of these individuals include insulin resistance, high fasting and postprandial glucose, as well as high plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Gut microbial signatures are also altered significantly in these cohorts, suggesting a causative link between diet, microbes and disease. Dietary fibre consumption has been hypothesised to reverse these changes through microbial fermentation and the subsequent production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which improves glucose and lipid parameters in individuals who harbour diseases associated with dysfunctional metabolism. This review article examines how different types of dietary fibre can differentially alter glucose and lipid metabolism through changes in gut microbiota composition and function.
Meat and meat products, in spite of having high biological value protein and essential nutrients required for human sustenance, are highly susceptible to lipid oxidation and also deficient in complex ...carbohydrates like dietary fibre (DF). This deficiency of DF is often associated with increased occurrence of some chronic diseases such as risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer. Besides, development of oxidative changes in meat and meat products needs to be readdressed to prevent the quality deterioration during storage.
A wide range of plant-derived materials and their by-products are potentially rich sources of DFs and bioactive compounds (phytochemicals) with inherent antioxidant properties, commonly known as antioxidant dietary fibres (ADFs). ADF holds the promise to act as functional ingredient to ameliorate the deficiency in DF as well as oxidative changes in meat products, besides offering health benefits. So, fortification of meat and meat products with functional ingredients (ADFs) having dual properties, therefore, assumes significance.
This comprehensive review focuses on the present knowledge in the literature about the sources of ADFs and their potential application as functional ingredients to improve the physico-chemical characteristics, oxidative stability, sensory attributes and shelf life of meat and meat products. Considering the positive health effects of ADF, its incorporation in meat products opens up new possibilities for the industry to improve its ‘‘image” and opportunity to address consumer demands.
•Consumers demand safe, natural ingredients and healthy food.•The deficiency of dietary fibre is often associated with occurrence of some chronic diseases.•The sources of antioxidant dietary fibre (ADF) from plant-derived materials are summarized.•Effects of ADF on the quality and shelf life improvement of meat products are highlighted.•ADF is a promising natural bio-ingredient to develop healthy/functional foods.
Increasing evidence indicates that gut microbiota may influence colorectal cancer risk. Diet, particularly fibre intake, may modify gut microbiota composition, which may affect cancer risk. We ...investigated the relationship between dietary fibre intake and gut microbiota in adults. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we assessed gut microbiota in faecal samples from 151 adults in two independent study populations: National Cancer Institute (NCI), n 75, and New York University (NYU), n 76. We calculated energy-adjusted fibre intake based on FFQ. For each study population with adjustment for age, sex, race, BMI and smoking, we evaluated the relationship between fibre intake and gut microbiota community composition and taxon abundance. Total fibre intake was significantly associated with overall microbial community composition in NYU (P=0·008) but not in NCI (P=0·81). In a meta-analysis of both study populations, higher fibre intake tended to be associated with genera of class Clostridia, including higher abundance of SMB53 (fold change (FC)=1·04, P=0·04), Lachnospira (FC=1·03, P=0·05) and Faecalibacterium (FC=1·03, P=0·06), and lower abundance of Actinomyces (FC=0·95, P=0·002), Odoribacter (FC=0·95, P=0·03) and Oscillospira (FC=0·96, P=0·06). A species-level meta-analysis showed that higher fibre intake was marginally associated with greater abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (FC=1·03, P=0·07) and lower abundance of Eubacterium dolichum (FC=0·96, P=0·04) and Bacteroides uniformis (FC=0·97, P=0·05). Thus, dietary fibre intake may impact gut microbiota composition, particularly class Clostridia, and may favour putatively beneficial bacteria such as F. prausnitzii. These findings warrant further understanding of diet-microbiota relationships for future development of colorectal cancer prevention strategies.
•First ever development dietary fibre from yellow soybean hulls.•First rheological evaluation of the application of yellow soybean hull fibres in dough.•Yellow soybean hull fibres showed potential ...utilisation in snacks with enhancement of dietary fibre.
Dietary fibres (DFs) from yellow soybean hulls (Glycine max) were developed by mimicking pH in the human digestive system. Using both traditional AOAC991.43 and newly developed AOAC2011.25 methods, DFs were quantified, and their physicochemical properties were characterised by determining colour, particle size, water absorption and solubility capacity. Viscoelastic properties of the fibres with whole wheat flours were evaluated using dynamic rheological measurements. The results showed that colour of lightness (L value) was significantly improved (p<0.05). The levels of soluble, insoluble, and total dietary fibres determined by 2011.25 were 2.6±0.7%, 85.9±0.4%, and 88.5±0.8% (as is), respectively. There was an approximately 50% increase of total dietary fibre in the treatment, which reached 98.6±0.8% (dry basis). The results clearly indicated that acid–base hydrolysis and autoclaving processes in yellow soybean hulls could significantly boost total dietary fibre content, which has potential application in snacks.
Cocoa products present great health potential due to their high content of polyphenols, mainly of flavanols. However, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other health effects of regularly ...consuming cocoa products seem to depend on the intake and health status of the consumer, etc. and need to be further clarified. A randomised, controlled, cross-over, free-living study was carried out in healthy (n 24) and moderately hypercholesterolaemic (>2000 mg/l, n 20) subjects to assess the influence of regularly consuming (4 weeks) two servings (15 g each) of a cocoa product rich in fibre (containing 33·9 % of total dietary fibre (TDF) and 13·9 mg/g of soluble polyphenols) in milk v. consuming only milk (control) on (1) serum lipid and lipoprotein profile, (2) serum malondialdehyde levels, carbonyl groups, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and free radical-scavenging capacity, (3) IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and vascular and intracellular cell adhesion molecule levels, and (4) systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Throughout the study, the diet and physical activity of the volunteers, as well as any possible changes in weight or other anthropometric parameters, were also evaluated. The intake of TDF increased (P< 0·001) to the recommended levels. Serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were increased (P< 0·001), whereas glucose (P= 0·029), IL-1β (P= 0·001) and IL-10 (P= 0·001) levels were decreased. The rest of the studied cardiovascular parameters, as well as the anthropometric ones, remained similar. In conclusion, regularly consuming a cocoa product with milk improves cardiovascular health by increasing HDL-C levels and inducing hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory effects in healthy and hypercholesterolaemic individuals without causing weight gain.
•Dietary fibre (DF) content of wheat differed significantly among countries.•Minor differences found in the monosaccharide composition were not interpretative.•Oats and rye contained similar amounts ...of DF in the studied countries.•Results by AOAC 2011.25 for total DF were higher than presented in FCDBs currently.•Wheat, oat and rye brans contained the most IDF, SDFP and SDFS, respectively.
The definition of dietary fibre (DF) has been revised, and an analytical method AOAC 2011.25 is based on the updates. DF content and monosaccharide composition in composite samples from Swedish, Norwegian, Estonian and Finnish wholegrain wheat flour, rye flour and rolled oats were analysed and compared. Furthermore, DF amounts of 11 industrial and 6 commercial Finnish cereal products were analysed. New DF results are needed, since the national Food Composition Databases (FCDBs) currently contain DF values obtained using older methods underestimating some DF components, such as resistant starch and non-digestible oligosaccharides. The total DF amounts of rolled oats and rye flour were similar among countries, but variation was found in wholegrain wheat flour. The analysed cereal products contained 0.2–5.7g/100g oligosaccharides (SDFS), with the highest level in rye bran. Wheat and rye bran were found to be the best sources for total DF (46 and 32g/100g, respectively), wheat bran was a superior source for water-insoluble DF (IDF; 41g/100g), whereas oat bran was found to contain the most water-soluble high molecular weight DF (SDFP; 6g/100g). These new analytical results for total DF are higher than currently presented in FCDBs.
Summary
Resistant starch (RS) is the portion of starch that escapes gastrointestinal digestion and acts as a substrate for fermentation of probiotic bacteria in the gut. Aside from enhancing gut ...health, RS contributes to a lower glycemic index. A genome‐wide association study coupled with targeted gene association studies was conducted utilizing a diverse panel of 281 resequenced Indica rice lines comprising of ~2.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Low‐to‐intermediate RS phenotypic variations were identified in the rice diversity panel, resulting in novel associations of RS to several genes associated with amylopectin biosynthesis and degradation. Selected rice lines encoding superior alleles of SSIIa with medium RS and inferior alleles with low RS groups were subjected to detailed transcriptomic, metabolomic, non‐starch dietary fibre (DF), starch structural and textural attributes. The gene regulatory networks highlighted the importance of a protein phosphatase alongside multiple genes of starch metabolism. Metabolomics analyses resulted in the identification of several metabolite hubs (carboxylic acid, sugars and polyamines) in the medium RS group. Among DF, mannose and galactose from the water‐insoluble fraction were found to be highly associated with low and medium RS lines, respectively. Starch structural analyses revealed that a moderate increase in RS is also linked to an elevation of amylose 1 and amylose 2 fractions. Although rice lines with medium RS content negatively affected textural and viscosity properties in comparison to low RS, the textural property of medium RS lines was in the same acceptable range as IR64, a rice mega variety popular in Asia.
The current definition of dietary fibre was adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 2009, but implementation requires updating food composition databases with values based on appropriate ...analysis methods. Previous data on population intakes of dietary fibre fractions are sparse. We studied the intake and sources of total dietary fibre (TDF) and dietary fibre fractions insoluble dietary fibre (IDF), dietary fibre soluble in water but insoluble in 76 % aqueous ethanol (SDFP) and dietary fibre soluble in water and soluble in 76 % aqueous ethanol (SDFS) in Finnish children based on new CODEX-compliant values of the Finnish National Food Composition Database Fineli. Our sample included 5193 children at increased genetic risk of type 1 diabetes from the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention birth cohort, born between 1996 and 2004. We assessed the intake and sources based on 3-day food records collected at the ages of 6 months, 1, 3 and 6 years. Both absolute and energy-adjusted intakes of TDF were associated with age, sex and breast-feeding status of the child. Children of older parents, parents with a higher level of education, non-smoking mothers and children with no older siblings had higher energy-adjusted TDF intake. IDF was the major dietary fibre fraction in non-breastfed children, followed by SDFP and SDFS. Cereal products, fruits and berries, potatoes and vegetables were major food sources of dietary fibre. Breast milk was a major source of dietary fibre in 6-month-olds due to its human milk oligosaccharide content and resulted in high SDFS intakes in breastfed children.
Incidental products derived from the manufacturing or processing of plant based foods: cereals, fruits, vegetables, as well as algae, are sources of abundant dietary fibre. These fibre-rich ...by-products can fortify foods, increase their dietary fibre content and result in healthy products, low in calories, cholesterol and fat. They may also serve as functional ingredients to improve physical and structural properties of hydration, oil holding capacity, viscosity, texture, sensory characteristics, and shelf-life. Analytic methods and fractionation techniques of dietary fibres are evaluated.
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