•Although FMD vaccines have been available for over 70 years, disease prevention has only been successful in limited regions of the world.•Substantial progress in FMD virus research at the molecular, ...cellular and live animal levels has been made in recent decades.•New inactivated FMDV DIVA marker, and purified protein-based vaccines are in advanced stages of development.•An adenovirus vectored FMD vaccine was granted in 2012 a license for production in USA and use in emergency situations in cattle.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease affects many areas of the world, often causing extensive epizootics in livestock, mostly farmed cattle and swine, although sheep, goats and many wild species are also susceptible. In countries where food and farm animals are essential for subsistence agriculture, outbreaks of FMD seriously impact food security and development. In highly industrialized developed nations, FMD endemics cause economic and social devastation mainly due to observance of health measures adopted from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). High morbidity, complex host-range and broad genetic diversity make FMD prevention and control exceptionally challenging. In this article we review multiple vaccine approaches developed over the years ultimately aimed to successfully control and eradicate this feared disease.
We present a mapped climatology (GLODAPv2.2016b) of ocean biogeochemical variables based on the new GLODAP version 2 data product (Olsen et al., 2016; Key et al., 2015), which covers all ocean basins ...over the years 1972 to 2013. The quality-controlled and internally consistent GLODAPv2 was used to create global 1° × 1° mapped climatologies of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), total alkalinity (TAlk), pH, and CaCO3 saturation states using the Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) mapping method. Improving on maps based on an earlier but similar dataset, GLODAPv1.1, this climatology also covers the Arctic Ocean. Climatologies were created for 33 standard depth surfaces. The conceivably confounding temporal trends in TCO2 and pH due to anthropogenic influence were removed prior to mapping by normalizing these data to the year 2002 using first-order calculations of anthropogenic carbon accumulation rates. We additionally provide maps of accumulated anthropogenic carbon in the year 2002 and of preindustrial TCO2. For all parameters, all data from the full 1972–2013 period were used, including data that did not receive full secondary quality control. The GLODAPv2.2016b global 1° × 1° mapped climatologies, including error fields and ancillary information, are available at the GLODAPv2 web page at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC; doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NDP093_GLODAPv2).
Citrus reticulata is an important cash crop for the farmers in the Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayas, India. The lack of knowledge of its diversity has only resulted in the lack of uniformity in the ...fruit quality. It has become imperative to identify superior varieties that meet the demands of the market to improve the citrus industry. Hence, a total of 105 accessions of mandarin were collected randomly from different locations to assess the morphological diversity using cluster analysis and DIVA-GIS. The orchards were randomly visited in each district of the state of Sikkim and two hilly districts of the state of West Bengal (WB). A sample tree was selected from each orchard and the quantitative and qualitative characters of its leaves, flowers, and fruits were measured. A significant variation was observed in the quantitative characters with a positive correlation between fruit weight and length, fruit diameter and weight, total soluble solids (TSS) /acidity and fruit diameter. The first 6 components of Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited 69.34% of the total variation. DIVA-GIS showed the highest diversity index for fruit weight, fruit diameter and TSS/acidity in East district, Sikkim. The highest coefficient variation for fruit diameter was observed in the East district and Darjeeling district, WB and TSS/acidity and fruit weight in East district. The dendrogram generated divided the accessions into two major clusters. The grid maps generated identified diverse accessions in the East district and Darjeeling district, which can be a source of superior germplasm
The DIVA (Latitudinal Gradients of Deep-sea BiodDIVersity in the Atlantic) expeditions studied benthic biodiversity of the abyssal Equatorial and South Atlantic as part of the Census of the Diversity ...of Abyssal Marine Life (CeDAMar), the abyssal component of the ten-year programme Census of Marine Life (2000–2010). Three expeditions were carried out from RV Meteor between 2000 and 2009. Samples were taken along a latitudinal gradient spanning the Cape, Angola, and Guinea basins in the SE Atlantic and the Argentine and Brazilian basins in the SW Atlantic. The objectives of this study were to analyse patterns of epi- and suprabenthic macrofaunal density and composition at higher taxon level from epibenthic sledge (EBS) taken during the DIVA sampling campaigns and how they relate to differences in environmental conditions. In particular, the different oceanic basins are characterized by variation in surface primary productivity, sedimentary properties, and depth. We expected this difference to be reflected in the structure of the abyssal benthic communities. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found significant differences in macrofauna density between different deep-sea basins, mainly related to food availability. However, only subtle differences in community composition were observed. We found that stations in close proximity to one another showed great variability in both macrofaunal density and composition. We conclude that smaller spatial scale sampling should be paired with higher taxonomic resolution analyses of macrofaunal samples to better understand the factors contributing to variations of macrobenthic communities in the deep sea.
•Insights are provided into the little-known macrobenthos of the South Atlantic abyss.•Differences in faunal densities between basins are likely linked to food availability.•Densities and community composition varied considerably between close stations.•High natural variability was found on small (<1 km) spatial scales.
•PPR eradication is launched by worldwide organizations by 2030.•Current and prospective strategies for PPR eradication.•Proper use of diagnostic tools supports PPR diagnosis and eradication.•Opinion ...for better improvement of the current attenuated vaccines.•Novel PPR vaccines and PPR eradication.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute transboundary infectious viral disease affecting domestic and wild small ruminants’ species besides camels reared in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The virus is a serious paramount challenge to the sustainable agriculture advancement in the developing world. The disease outbreak was also detected for the first time in the European Union namely in Bulgaria at 2018. Therefore, the disease has lately been aimed for eradication with the purpose of worldwide clearance by 2030. Radically, the vaccines needed for effectively accomplishing this aim are presently convenient; however, the availableness of innovative modern vaccines to fulfill the desideratum for Differentiating between Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) may mitigate time spent and financial disbursement of serological monitoring and surveillance in the advanced levels for any disease obliteration campaign. We here highlight
what is at the present time well-known about the virus and the different available diagnostic tools. Further, we interject on current updates and insights on several novel vaccines and on the possible current and prospective strategies to be applied for disease control.
Abstract
With about 480 known species, Pilidiophora (phylum Nemertea) has been regarded as consisting of Hubrechtiiformes (~20 spp.) and Heteronemertea (~460 spp.). Most (~87%) of the latter belong ...to Lineidae (> 400 spp.), while the systematics of non-lineid heteronemerteans remains largely untouched. To explore the phylogeny of non-hubrechtiiformid, non-lineid pilidiophorans, we performed multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses with five genes (18S, 28S, H3, 16S and COI) from 41 newly sequenced specimens. Pilidiophora comprised Hubrechtellidae, Lineidae, Valenciniidae, the new family Eopilidiidae and a not formally named family-level heteronemertean taxon. Eopilidion misakiense gen. et sp. nov. is described from a specimen from Japan, but whether it belongs to Heteronemertea remains unclear. Apart from this new species, the following 11 new species of valenciniids are established, based on molecular sequences and external morphology (localities in parentheses): Baseodiscus giribeti sp. nov. (Panama), B. kakuii sp. nov. (Japan), B. komatsui sp. nov. (Japan), B. narusei sp. nov. (Japan), B. ohtsukai sp. nov. (Japan), B. paracelensis sp. nov. (Vietnam), B. profundus sp. nov. (Russian Far East), B. urgorrii sp. nov. (Spain), B. zebra sp. nov. (Japan), Oxypolella hiebertae sp. nov. (Vietnam) and Valencinura jambio sp. nov. (Japan).
•The 77aa region of AHSV NS3/NS3a encompassing the Late Domain is immunogenic.•DIVA PCR testing compatible with the AHS DISA vaccine platforms.•DIVA ELISA compatible with the AHS DISA vaccine ...platforms.
African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) (Orbivirus genus, Reoviridae family) causes high mortality in naïve domestic horses with enormous economic and socio-emotional impact. There are nine AHSV serotypes showing limited cross neutralization. AHSV is transmitted by competent species of Culicoides biting midges. AHS is a serious threat beyond the African continent as endemic Culicoides species in moderate climates transmit the closely related prototype bluetongue virus. There is a desperate need for safe and efficacious vaccines, while DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated) vaccines would accelerate control of AHS. Previously, we have shown that highly virulent AHSV with an in-frame deletion of 77 amino acids (aa) in NS3/NS3a is completely safe, does not cause viremia and shows protective capacity. This deletion mutant is a promising DISA (Disabled Infectious Single Animal) vaccine platform, since exchange of serotype specific virus proteins has been shown for all nine serotypes. Here, we show that a prototype NS3 competitive ELISA is DIVA compliant to AHS DISA vaccine platforms. Epitope mapping of NS3/NS3a shows that more research is needed to evaluate this prototype serological DIVA assay regarding sensitivity and specificity, in particular for AHSVs expressing antigenically different NS3/NS3a proteins. Further, an experimental panAHSV PCR test targeting genome segment 10 is developed that detects reference AHSV strains, whereas AHS DISA vaccine platforms were not detected. This DIVA PCR test completely guarantees genetic DIVA based on in silico and in vitro validation, although test validation regarding diagnostic sensitivity and specificity has not been performed yet. In conclusion, the prototype NS3 cELISA and the PCR test described here enable serological and genetic DIVA accompanying AHS DISA vaccine platforms.
is among the most economically significant mycoplasmas causing production losses in poultry. Seven melt-curve and agarose gel-based mismatch amplification mutation assays (MAMAs) and one PCR are ...provided in the present study to distinguish the
vaccine strains and field isolates based on mutations in the
,
,
,
,
, and
genes. A total of 239 samples (
vaccine and type strains, pure cultures, and clinical samples) originating from 16 countries and from at least eight avian species were submitted to the presented assays for validation or in blind tests. A comparison of the data from 126 samples (including sequences available at GenBank) examined by the developed assays and a recently developed multilocus sequence typing assay showed congruent typing results. The sensitivity of the melt-MAMA assays varied between 10
and 10
template copies/reaction, while that of the agarose-MAMAs ranged from 10
to 10
template copies/reaction, and no cross-reactions occurred with other
species colonizing birds. The presented assays are also suitable for discriminating multiple strains in a single sample. The developed assays enable the differentiation of live vaccine strains by targeting two or three markers/vaccine strain; however, considering the high variability of the species, the combined use of all assays is recommended. The suggested combination provides a reliable tool for routine diagnostics due to the sensitivity and specificity of the assays, and they can be performed directly on clinical samples and in laboratories with basic PCR equipment.
Resumo Diva (1864) talvez seja um dos romances mais mal-afamados de José de Alencar, tratado desde cedo como coisa menor: de “uma pieguice condenável” (Machado de Assis), marcado por “elefâncias do ...estilo” (Franklin Távora) ou, ainda, “obra que pouco ou nada vale” (Antonio Candido). No entanto, apresenta importante inovação para a literatura brasileira da época, que é a figura discursiva do narrador médico em primeira pessoa - o qual é sistematicamente rejeitado pela heroína em atitudes tidas como extremadas. Uma releitura feita à luz dos estudos pioneiros sobre a histeria, desenvolvidos por Charcot, Breuer e Freud e, posteriormente, por teóricas do feminismo (Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert e Susan Gubar), pode ajudar a compreender tal recusa. A somatização de sintomas de ordem psíquica no corpo da mulher, que caracterizaria a primeira abordagem sobre a histeria, representa uma recusa sistemática da parte da heroína em aceitar o poder inédito de que foi investido a figura do médico ao longo do século 19, numa tentativa de preservar sua voz particular em meio a uma sociedade para a qual a mulher deve abdicar de sua autonomia e identidade. Junte a isso o plano narrativo, visto que o narrador médico em Diva detém não apenas o direito de invadir e clinicalizar o corpo de sua “paciente” como também de expô-la ao leitor sob seu exclusivo ponto de vista. Antecipando-se aos estudos sobre a histeria, o romance de folhetim de fato já representava a heroína, em Alexandre Dumas e Eugène Sue, como ameaça ao poder masculino enquanto personagem e narrador (Queffelec). Vinculando-se a essa singular tradição literária, Alencar faz de Diva um dos livros mais contundentes já escritos sobre a situação da mulher na sociedade brasileira da segunda metade do século XIX, culminando em um nível de tensão poucas vezes visto até então.
Abstract Diva (1864) is perhaps one of José de Alencar´s most disliked novels, treated early on as a minor thing: of “a condemnable sentimentality” (Machado de Assis), marked by “elephances of style” (Franklin Távora) or, still, “work that is worth little or nothing” (Antonio Candido). However, it introduced an important innovation for the Brazilian literature at the time, which is the discursive figure of the medical narrator in the first person, who is systematically rejected by the heroine in attitudes considered as extreme. A rereading made in the light of the pioneering studies on hysteria, developed by Charcot, Breuer and Freud, and later by feminist theorists (Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar) may help to understand this rejection. The somatization of psychic symptoms in the woman´s body, which would characterize the first approach to hysteria in the 19th century, represents a systematic refusal on the part of the heroine to accept the unprecedent power that the figure of the doctor was invested with throughout that time, in an attempt to preserve her private voice in the midst of a society for which women must give up their autonomy and identity. One should add to this the narrative level, since the medical narrator in Diva not only has the right to invade and clinicalize the body of his “patient” but also to expose her to the reader from his exclusive point of view. Anticipating the studies on hysteria, the serial novel in fact already represented the heroine, in Alexandre Dumas and Eugène Sue, as a threat to male power as a character and narrator (Queffelec). Binding himself to this singular literary tradition, Alencar makes Diva one of the most striking books ever written about the situation of women in the Brazilian society of the second half of the 19th century, culminating in a level of tension rarely seen until then.
Résumé Diva (1864) est peut-être l´un des romans les plus mal aimés de José de Alencar, traité très tôt comme quelque chose de mineur: d’une “sentimentalité condamnable” (Machado de Assis), marqué par des “éléphances de style” (Franklin Távora) ou, encore, “une œuvre de peu ou pas de valeur” (Antonio Candido). Il introduit cependant une innovation importante pour la littérature brésilienne de l´époque, à savoir la figure discursive du narrateur médecin à la première personne, systématiquement rejetée par l´héroïne dans une atitude considérée comme extrême. Une relecture à la lumière des études pionnières sur l´hystérie, développées par Charcot, Breuer et Freud et plus tard par les théoriciennes féministes (Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert et Susan Gubar), peut aider à comprendre ce refus. La somatisation des symptômes d´ordre psychique dans le corps de la femme, qui caractérisera la première approche de l´hystérie, represente un refus systématique de la part de l´héroïne d´accepter le pouvoir sans précédent dont la figure du médecin a été investie tout au long du XIXe siècle, dans une tentative de préserver sa voix particulière au sein d´une société pour laquelle la femme doit renoncer à son autonomie et à son identité. À cela s´ajoute le plan narratif, puisque le narrateur médecin de Diva détient non seulement le droit d´envahir et de clinicaliser le corps de sa “patiente”, mais aussi de l´exposer au lecteur de son point de vue exclusif. Anticipant les études sur l´hystérie, le roman-feuilleton représentait en effet déjà l´héroïne, chez Alexandre Dumas et Eugène Sue, comme une menace au pouvoir masculin en tant que personnage et narrateur (Queffelec). Se rattachant à cette tradition littéraire singulière, Alencar fait de Diva l´un des livres les plus convaincants jamais écrits sur la situation des femmes dans la société brésilienne de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, culminant à un niveau de tension rarement atteint jusqu´alors.
African swine fever (ASF) is currently causing a major pandemic affecting the swine industry and protein availability from Central Europe to East and South Asia. No commercial vaccines are available, ...making disease control dependent on the elimination of affected animals. Here, we show that the deletion of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) E184L gene from the highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2010 (ASFV-G) isolate produces a reduction in virus virulence during the infection in swine. Of domestic pigs intramuscularly inoculated with a recombinant virus lacking the E184L gene (ASFV-G-ΔE184L), 40% experienced a significantly (5 days) delayed presentation of clinical disease and, overall, had a 60% rate of survival compared to animals inoculated with the virulent parental ASFV-G. Importantly, all animals surviving ASFV-G-ΔE184L infection developed a strong antibody response and were protected when challenged with ASFV-G. As expected, a pool of sera from ASFV-G-ΔE184L-inoculated animals lacked any detectable antibody response to peptides partially representing the E184L protein, while sera from animals inoculated with an efficacious vaccine candidate, ASFV-G-ΔMGF, strongly recognize the same set of peptides. These results support the potential use of the E184L deletion for the development of vaccines able to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Therefore, it is shown here that the E184L gene is a novel ASFV determinant of virulence that can potentially be used to increase safety in preexisting vaccine candidates, as well as to provide them with DIVA capabilities. To our knowledge, E184L is the first ASFV gene product experimentally shown to be a functional DIVA antigenic marker.
No commercial vaccines are available to prevent African swine fever (ASF). The ASF pandemic caused by the ASF virus Georgia 2010 (ASFV-G) strain is seriously affecting pork production in a contiguous geographical area from Central Europe to East Asia. The only effective experimental vaccines are viruses attenuated by deleting ASFV genes associated with virus virulence. Therefore, identification of such genes is of critical importance for vaccine development. Here, we report the discovery of a novel determinant of ASFV virulence, the E184L gene. Deletion of the E184L gene from the ASFV-G genome (ASFV-G-ΔE184L) produced a reduction in virus virulence, and importantly, animals surviving infection with ASFV-G-ΔE184L were protected from developing ASF after challenge with the virulent parental virus ASFV-G. Importantly, the virus protein encoded by E184L is highly immunogenic, making a virus lacking this gene a vaccine candidate that allows the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Here, we show that unlike what is observed in animals inoculated with the vaccine candidate ASFV-G-ΔMGF, ASFV-G-ΔE184L-inoculated animals do not mount a E184L-specific antibody response, indicating the feasibility of using the E184L deletion as the antigenic marker for the development of a DIVA vaccine in ASFV.
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