Aim and objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the AccuVeinAV400® viewing device for peripheral venous catheter insertion in children on the first try.
Background
Inserting a ...peripheral venous catheter is the most frequent invasive procedure carried out by healthcare professionals in hospitalised children. Several attempts are sometimes necessary, and veins can be damaged.
Design
A quasi‐experimental cluster randomised controlled trial based on the CONSORT 2010 guidelines.
Methods
This randomised study comparing standard practice to the use of AccuVein400® was carried out on children who were less than 3 years old, with difficult intravenous access (DIVA Score), hospitalised in three paediatric units and who needed cannulation.
Result
A total of 304 children were included (156 in the AccuVein arm and 148 in the standard arm). There was no significant difference between AccuVein and standard groups in age (respectively, 2.5 ± 0.9 years vs. 2.5 ± 0.8), or mean DIVA score (respectively 5.9 ± 1.3 vs. 5.5 ± 1.2). The success of cannulation on the first attempt was 40.38% in the AccuVein arm vs. 41.2% in the standard arm (p = .6). The caregiver's assessment of pain on the Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability scale was 4.8 ± 0.2 in the AccuVein arm vs. 5.0 ± 0.2 (p = .4).
Conclusions
The use of AccuVein400® did not lead to greater success in intravenous insertion at the first attempt in children under 3 years of age with difficult intravenous access.
Relevance to clinical practice
This device can therefore be used according to the healthcare professionals' situation and needs. It is widely used in paediatric wards, and our study shows that it offers a support tool that reassures healthcare professionals and helps validate their choice of vein easiest to catheterise.
•A six locus-based MLST assay was developed for genotyping M. gallisepticum (MG).•MLST assay of 130 different MG strains yielded 57 unique sequence types.•The developed MLST had a high diversity ...index.•MLST could identify related strains from different geographical location.•Data suggested involvement of international trade on the spread of MG strains.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease and reproductive disorders in many bird species, resulting in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. Maintenance of M. gallisepticum-free flocks is the most adequate method to control infection. To this end, monitoring systems and vaccination programs with live vaccine strains are applied worldwide. There is strong demand for efficient epidemiological investigation tools to distinguish M. gallisepticum strains in order to control disease. Up to now, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been regarded as gold standard for genotyping bacteria due to its good reproducibility and high discriminatory power.
The aim of this study was to develop an MLST assay which can determine phylogenetic distances between M. gallisepticum strains. After analysing more than 30 housekeeping genes, six loci (atpG, dnaA, fusA, rpoB, ruvB, uvrA) were selected for the MLST assay due to their genomic location and high diversity.
Examination of 130 M. gallisepticum strains with this MLST method yielded 57 unique sequence types (STs) with a 0.96 Simpson’s index of diversity.
Considering the large number of STs and high diversity index, this MLST method was found to be appropriate to discriminate M. gallisepticum strains. In addition, the developed method was shown to be suitable for epidemiological investigations, as it confirmed linkage between related strains from outbreaks in different farms. Besides, MLST also suggested high impact of extensive international trade on the spread of different M. gallisepticum strains. Furthermore this method can be used for differentiation among vaccine and field strains.
A revised phylogeny of Tylophorinae, based on 77 species of all genera presently attributed to the subtribe (Biondia, Blyttia, Diplostigma, Goydera, Pentatropis, Pleurostelma, Rhyncharrhena, ...Tylophora, Vincetoxicum) is presented. Five choloroplast markers (trnT-L, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH intergenic spacers as well as the trnL and trnG introns) and two nuclear markers (ITS, ETS) were used, totalling in 3809 base pairs. Tylophorinae are strongly monophyletic and consist of several well-defined clades. Backbone resolution between these clades is low, indicating a rapid early radiation. Pentatropis is sister to all remaining taxa, albeit with weak support; all other taxa form one big clade not corresponding to previous generic delimitations. Therefore, all genera except for Pentatropis are subsumed under Vincetoxicum. The early branching clades of Vincetoxicum s.l. all grow in Africa, where the group originated ca. 18 Ma ago, correlating with the closure of the Tethys Ocean. The first round of differentiation took place between 12 and 15 Ma ago, resulting in Tylophorinae being distributed over almost all of their present range except for South Africa, Arabia and Europe. Two unrelated lineages of temperate, mostly erect plants hitherto named "Vincetoxicum" have arisen from more tropical lineages, hitherto named "Tylophora". One clade of African species is nested inside the Australasian assemblage; this clade contains exclusively polyploid species and its re-immigration to Africa took place in the Messinian, at ca. 6.8 Ma. The European Vincetoxicum species split from erect steppe plants of temperate Asia at ca. 4.5 Ma, coinciding with the uplift of the Tibetan plateau. This group contains two species that are presently aggressively spreading in North America after chance introductions.
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is highly contagious, and fatal to infected pigs. Vaccines against CSFV have been developed from attenuated or modified live viruses. These vaccines are effective ...for immunization of animals, but they are associated with problems such as the accidental spreading of viruses to animals in the field, and with barriers to trade following vaccination. Here, we report the generation of transgenic
plants for large-scale, cost-effective production of E2 fusion protein for use as a recombinant vaccine against CSFV in pigs. Transgenic
plants harboring an intergenic, single-copy insertion of a chimeric gene encoding E2 fusion protein had high levels of transgene expression. For large-scale production of E2 fusion protein from leaf tissues, we developed a protein-purification protocol consisting of cellulose-binding domain (CBD)-cellulose-based affinity purification and size-exclusion gel-filtration chromatography. E2 fusion proteins showed high immunogenicity in piglets and provided protection against CSFV challenge. The CBD in the E2 fusion protein was also highly immunogenic. These results suggest that plant-produced recombinant E2 fusion proteins can be developed into cost-effective vaccines against CSFV, with the CBD as a marker antigen to differentiate between vaccination and natural infection.
DIVA-GIS, a Geographical Information System is designed to assist the plant genetic resources and biodiversity communities to map the range of distribution of species in which they are interested. ...The regions where diverse accessions occur could be found by analysing the geographical diversity distribution. In the present study, 50 landraces of cucumber procured from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi was evaluated for six yield contributing traits in Augmented Block Design. To study the diversity and distribution of germplasm, geo-referenced points of the collection sites of the genotypes and the agro-morphological data recorded were supplemented to shape files and map geo-referenced points using DIVA-GIS software. A wide range of variability was observed for the quantitative traits studied, as evidenced by the wide range of SDI for days to first harvest (0- 0.350 to 1.356 - 2.000) to fruit length (0 - 0.450 to 1.840 - 3.000). Highest yield per plant was observed in IC613477 (2205.29 g), a collection from West Bengal and lowest in IC331627 (94.53 g), from Uttarakhand, with an overall mean of 1189.03 g. High SDI of 1.73 to 3.00 was recorded for accessions collected from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tripura and Uttarakhand for yield per plant. Collections from West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram possessed diversity for days to first harvest, fruit weight, fruit diameter and yield per plant, as indicated by the appearance of red grids in these states for these characters. Hence, future germplasm collections can be targeted from these diversity rich states and adjoining areas.
Background: Sunnhemp, a rapid growing, high biomass yielding bast fibre crop has a tremendous potentiality in biofuels sector as a lignocellulosic substrate. In order to capitalize the new found area ...there is a need to identify high biomass and fibre yielding sunnhemp genotypes. The present study provides details of morphological diversity and geographical distribution pattern of Indian sunnhemp accessions. Methods: A total of 42 germplasm accessions collected from ten different states were evaluated for fibre yield and attributing traits in April-June cropping season. Based on phenotypic data agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. Geographical coordinates of germplasm collection site were utilized to derive the spatial genetic diversity pattern for green biomass yield and fibre yield.Result: Phenotypic evaluation revealed significant genetic variability among the genotypes for biomass and fibre yield leading to identification of several promising accessions. Cluster analysis and PCA grouped the 42 sunnhemp accessions into three clusters. Cluster II and III are highly divergent harboring contrasting phenotypes. DIVA-GIS approach identified eastern Rajasthan, western Jharkhand and border area between Bihar and Jharkhand as sites of highest sunnhemp diversity.
AIM: Despite increasing scientific interest in the Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA), this geographically complex region, hosting an outstanding level of marine and terrestrial biodiversity, remains ...only partly understood biogeographically. We present an updated and resolved phylogenetic tree for the woody genus Aglaia, and we investigate the origin and dispersal history of Aglaia. LOCATION: Australasia, Indo‐Australian Archipelago, Indomalesia, Pacific islands. METHODS: Sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of 182 taxa. The phylogeny was then used in combination with fossil data and secondary calibration information to estimate divergence times using a relaxed molecular clock approach. Biogeographical scenarios and potential ancestral areas were investigated using statistical dispersal–vicariance analysis (S‐DIVA) and the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) method. RESULTS: Our study showed that the crown group of Aglaia dates back to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (c. 23.0 Ma), with major divergence events beginning in the middle Miocene (c. 13.8 Ma). Sundaland was confirmed as the area of origin of modern Aglaia. The results further provided evidence that dispersal routes existed between the Sunda Shelf and Wallacea and further east to the Pacific islands, crossing both Wallace's and Lydekker's lines. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The directionality of dispersal events to or across Wallacea was predominantly eastwards, following the expansion of wet tropical forest across Wallace's Line and beyond. However, several reversal dispersal events occurred as well. During the Pleistocene (0.1–2.6 Ma) there were long‐distance dispersal events from the western Pacific islands back to Sundaland or the Philippines, which might have been facilitated by birds. In summary, our study confirms that Aglaia had a Sundanian origin and started to disperse eastwards during the Miocene (5.3–23.0 Ma), with limited dispersal across Lydekker's Line. The comparison of the age of clades with the proposed age of their areas of distribution based on independent geological evidence showed good temporal agreement.
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