Cilia and flagella are slender projections found on most eukaryotic cells including unicellular organisms such as
and
where they serve motility and signaling functions. The cilium is a large ...molecular machine consisting of hundreds of different proteins that are trafficked into the organelle to organize a repetitive microtubule-based axoneme. Several recent studies took advantage of improved cryo-EM methodology to unravel the high-resolution structures of ciliary complexes. These include the recently reported purification and structure determination of axonemal doublet microtubules from the green algae
, which allows for the modeling of more than 30 associated protein factors to provide deep molecular insight into the architecture and repetitive nature of doublet microtubules. In addition, we will review several recent contributions that dissect the structure and function of ciliary trafficking complexes that ferry structural and signaling components between the cell body and the cilium organelle.
Even though it is sometimes argued that synonymy is undesirable in legal language, legal language is not devoid of it. In fact, legal language involves cases of syntactical synonymy and lexical ...synonymy as well as cases of absolute and partial synonymy. Therefore synonymy must be addressed in a legal translation classroom to make trainees aware of all the issues that it may involve, as well as of the fact that terms that may be perceived as synonymous by laypeople are not actually synonymous to lawyers (e.g.
,
,
). What also needs to be addressed in a legal translation classroom are situations of near-synonyms, whose usage is governed by collocational or contextual restrictions (e.g.
,
,
) and sometimes involves slight nuances in meaning (e.g.
v.
, or
,
,
, etc.). This article introduces a step-by-step approach designed to introduce legal translation trainees to a variety of issues related to (non-)synonymy in legal language, and presents a series of exercises that have been prepared to this end in line with the scaffolding approach. Although the exercises are designed for the English–Czech language pair, they are easily transferable to any teaching context involving English.
Detecting multiplets in single nucleus (sn)ATAC-seq data is challenging due to data sparsity and limited dynamic range. AMULET (ATAC-seq MULtiplet Estimation Tool) enumerates regions with greater ...than two uniquely aligned reads across the genome to effectively detect multiplets. We evaluate the method by generating snATAC-seq data in the human blood and pancreatic islet samples. AMULET has high precision, estimated via donor-based multiplexing, and high recall, estimated via simulated multiplets, compared to alternatives and identifies multiplets most effectively when a certain read depth of 25K median valid reads per nucleus is achieved.
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•High-resolution spectroscopy for Λ-doublets ofNO molecule has been studied.•Λ-type spectral doublets of 2∏1/2 and 2∏3/2 sub-bands were acquired.•Doublet splittings, doubling ...constants,transition dipole moments and Herman-Wallis coefficients were determined.•Broadening coefficients of e and f sub-states ofNO using different perturbing gases were measured.•Dependency of collisional cross-sections on the rotational quantum number J was shown.
High-resolution ro-vibrational spectroscopic features of nitric oxide (NO) are particularly interesting because of the unpaired electron and non-zero nuclear spin of the nitrogen atom. Here, ultra-sensitive cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) coupled with an external-cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) radiation source was employed to measure the rotationally-resolved fine structure Λ-doublet splittings between the parity doublet e and f components in the (2∏1/2 - 2∏1/2) and (2∏3/2 - 2∏3/2) allowed sub-bands of the v = 1 ← 0 fundamental vibrational band of NO molecule near 5.2 µm. Subsequently, we determined several principal spectroscopic parameters such as the Λ-doubling constants, vibrational transition dipole moments and the Herman-Wallis coefficients for both e and f Λ-doublet components by probing various R-branch rotational lines (J = 0.5 to 23.5) of the studied spin-split sub-bands of NO associated with spin–orbit interaction. In addition, we performed the pressure broadening effect on the Λ-doublet splittings in collision with three vital perturbing gases at room temperature (296 K) and accurately determined the pressure broadening coefficients, γi (e,f) in cm-1atm−1 (i = He, Ar and Zero air (mainly N2 + O2) along with their dependence on the rotational quantum number (J). We observed the pronounced collision-induced rotational quantum effect and the result of rotationally inelastic collision in the system for each collision partner. All these measured high-resolution new spectroscopic parameters over 33 ro-vibrational transitions via an EC-QCL based CRDS method will help significantly in interpreting fundamental molecular properties of this diatomic NO molecule.
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•High-resolution spectroscopy for l-doublets of 15Nβ isotopomer has been studied.•l-type spectral doublets of (1110)←(0110) transition were acquired.•Doubling constant, Coriolis ...constant and rotational constants were determined.•Pressure and temperature dependent study of l-type doublets have been performed.•Air broadening coefficients of e and f sub-states of 15Nβ were measured.
The spectroscopic features of l-type doublets of the site-specific 15N-isotopomers of nitrous oxide (N2O) are interesting to study as it would reveal the effect of l-type doubling in different branches of the transition band and on the spectroscopic parameters. Here, we have explored various spectroscopic features that are influenced by the l-type doubling of the fine structure lines of the β-site isotopomer of N2O, i.e. 15N14N16O (or 15Nβ) in the (1110)←(0110) transition for l = 1 (i.e. Π state) vibrational state in the mid-IR region. High-resolution spectroscopic measurements of rotationally-resolved l-type splitting involving the parity doublet e and f sub-states of 15N-β isotopomer corresponding to the P-and R-branches of the (1110)←(0110) vibrational band near 7.8 μm were carried out by cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) coupled with a continuous-wave external-cavity quantum cascade laser (cw-EC-QCL). Several new spectroscopic parameters such as l-type doubling constants, Coriolis constants, band centres, rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants were determined for both the parity doublet e and f components of 15Nβ isotopomer. We also investigated the effects of temperature and pressure on the l-type doublets along with the dependency of pressure broadening coefficients on the rotational quantum number J. The new experimental data will improve our understanding of the molecular properties of the site-specific 15N-isotopomers of N2O and intramolecular distribution of 15N-isotopes within the N2O isotopomers.
Abstract This study examines the correlation between derivational paradigms and morphological variation and change. I will examine a case study of Hebrew location nouns formation. Semitic morphology ...relies highly on non-concatenative morphology, where words are formed in patterns. Some Hebrew location nouns that are formed in one pattern, receive an additional form in another pattern with no change of their meaning. In contrast, there are location nouns, which are also formed in the same pattern, but do not have morphological doublets. Previous studies accounted for this change and proposed phonological and semantic criteria that trigger it. However, such explanation only account for why the change occurs, but not for cases where there is no doublet formation. I argue that morphological change is highly motivated in cases where the forms that undergo a change are part of a derivational paradigm. Specifically, I will show that only location nouns that are derivationally related to a verbal counterpart, such that the semantic relation between them is highly transparent, can undergo such change and have doublets. In contrast, words that are not part of such a paradigm are less likely to undergo change. The study highlights the important role of semantic transparency and derivational paradigms in morphological variation and change, showing that properties of words are not the only criteria that are taken into consideration, but also their relations with other words within a derivational paradigm.
•Sub-Nyquist decimation to parallelize your of-the-shelf exponential analysis.•A spectral add-on to automatically deduce the model order and validate the output.•Built-in estimation of reliability ...and accuracy of the exponential analysis.
We present a procedure that adds a number of desirable features to standard exponential analysis algorithms, among which output reliability, a divide-and-conquer approach, the automatic detection of the exponential model order, robustness against some outliers, and the possibility to parallelize the analysis. The key enabler for these features is the introduction of uniform sub-Nyquist sampling through decimation of the dense signal data. We actually make use of possible aliasing effects to recondition the problem statement rather than that we avoid aliasing.
In Section 2 the standard exponential analysis is described, including a sensitivity analysis. In Section 3 the ingredients for the new approach are collected, of which good use is made in Section 4 where we essentially bring everything together in what we call VEXPA.
Some numerical examples of the new procedure illustrate in Section 5 that the additional features are indeed realized and that VEXPA is a valuable add-on to any stand-alone exponential analysis. While returning a lot of additional output, it maintains a favourable comparison to the CRLB of the underlying method, for which we here choose a matrix pencil method. Moreover, the output reliability of VEXPA is similar to that of atomic norm minimization, whereas its computational complexity is far less.
In the classical exploratory factor analysis (EFA) model, residuals are constrained to be uncorrelated. However, since the 1960s, extensions of the classical model that allow correlated residuals to ...be modeled exist. Furthermore, in many EFA applications (especially those intended for item analysis) it is highly relevant to decide whether an extended solution is more appropriate than the simpler classical solution. This decision, in turn, requires effective and powerful methods for detecting correlated residuals (doublets) when they are really present to be available. This paper discusses two existing detection approaches in the EFA context, and proposes a third, new procedure. Reference values, based on the concept of parallel analysis, are proposed for deciding the relevance of the flagged doublets in all the considered procedures. The functioning of the three procedures is assessed by using simulation, and illustrated with an illustrative example. The proposal, finally, has been implemented in a well-known noncommercial EFA program, and an implementation in R is being developed.
•The resistivity contribution tensor for nonconductive sphere doublets is analytically evaluated.•Making reference to tangent sphere coordinates, the temperature fields are expressed by means of ...convergent integrals.•Based on a stream function, the axial component of the resistivity contribution tensor is found in closed form.•The transverse component of the resistivity contribution tensor is numerically assessed based on an Euler shooting method.•Comparison with respect equivalent spheroids is provided too.
The distribution of the temperature and heat flux fields around a couple of unequal nonconductive tangent spherical inhomogeneities (or pores) embedded in an infinite medium under a steady-state and remotely applied heat flux is addressed in the present work. Owing to the 3D geometrical layout of the inhomogeneity, use is made of the tangent sphere coordinate system. A corrective temperature field expressed in terms of convergent integrals is superposed to the fundamental one to fulfill the BCs at the surfaces of the spheres. When the heat flux is aligned to the symmetry axis (axisymmetric problem), the solution can be found straightforwardly by introducing a stream function, which allows for transforming the Neumann BCs into a Dirichlet boundary value problem. Conversely, for the transversal heat flux (non-axisymmetric problem), the problem is formulated in terms of temperature, thus leading to a system of two ODEs which is handled numerically through a Euler shooting method, after preliminary asymptotic expansions. Once the temperature fields are known, the components of the resistivity contribution tensor are assessed varying the aspect ratio of the two spheres. It is found that the extrema of the thermal resistivity are achieved for spheres of equal size. The study allows assessing the effective thermal conductivity of a wide range of smart composites involving insulating inhomogeneities resembling sphere doublets.
The origin of the even–odd rotational state population alternation in the 16O₂(a¹Δg) fragments resulting from the ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation of 16O₃, a phenomenon first observed over 30 years ...ago, has been elucidated using full quantum theory. The calculated 16O₂(a¹Δg) rotational state distribution following the 266-nm photolysis of 60 K ozone shows a strong even–odd propensity, in excellent agreement with the new experimental rotational state distribution measured under the same conditions. Theory indicates that the even rotational states are significantly more populated than the adjacent odd rotational states because of a preference for the formation of the A′ Λ-doublet, which can only occupy even rotational states due to the exchange symmetry of the two bosonic 16O nuclei, and thus not as a result of parity-selective curve crossing as previously proposed. For nonrotating ozone, its dissociation on the excited B¹A′ state dictates that only A′ Λ-doublets are populated, due to symmetry conservation. This selection rule is relaxed for rotating parent molecules, but a preference still persists for A′ Λ-doublets. The A′′/A′ ratio increases with increasing ozone rotational quantum number, and thus with increasing temperature, explaining the previously observed temperature dependence of the even–odd population alternation. In light of these results, it is concluded that the previously proposed parity-selective curve-crossing mechanism cannot be a source of heavy isotopic enrichment in the atmosphere.
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