Based on the National Disaster Management Agency, there was an increase in the total number of disasters from 2020 to 2022, which was initially 1,296 to 5402 disasters, with the highest percentage of ...disaster events being flood disasters with the highest frequency being in the West Java and DKI Jakarta areas (BNPB, 2022). The high frequency of floods that occur in the West Java region can certainly increase economic losses that are pretty high. On the other hand, West Java Province also contributes the third most significant national GDP. The sector that contributes the most to West Java's GRDP is the processing industry sector (BPS, 2017). Karawang Regency is one of West Java's destination areas for industrial development. In Karawang Regency, industrial areas are developing quite rapidly and are concentrated in the southern part of Karawang Regency (Telukjambe Barat, Telukjambe Timur, Ciampel, Pangkalan, Klari, and Cikampek districts). However, based on research conducted by the ITB Climate Change Center (2022), several points have a relatively high level of flood hazard in the area. That can bring considerable losses if the disaster occurs in an industrial area, so an analysis of losses due to flooding is needed at the location of the existing industrial site, which is currently in Karawang Regency. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the condition of existing industrial land in flood-prone areas and to find predictions of economic losses that will be obtained in the event of a flood disaster on existing industrial land today. The research used secondary data in shapefiles (.shp) maps of Karawang Regency, planning documents, and related journals. Then, the analysis method that will be carried out is mapping disaster-prone areas in industrial estates and predicting economic losses due to flood disasters which will be carried out with a Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that 34.69% of the existing industrial land is located in flood-prone areas, which are predicted to impact the economic losses of IDR 65,049,705,681,272,-. That shows a need for a flood mitigation plan and the suitability of proper allocation of industrial estates to reduce the possibility of economic losses to be borne by the government.
Results of the study revealed that when dust impinged on the surface of the PV modules, monthly maximum power output of a 1.5 kWp system in Perth, Australia and a 50 Wp system in Nusa Tenggara Timur ...(NTT), Indonesia decreased, on average, by about 4.5% and 8%, respectively. Economic modelling showed that, the cost of production per kWh lost due to dust exhibited by these systems were A$ 0.26/kWh and A$ 0.15/kWh, respectively. Comparison of the cost of energy losses and maintenance revealed that, the Perth system would require manual cleaning in October while the system in NTT would require cleaning in August and October. Although the saving in production losses is not economically significant, this cleaning schedule was recommended, particularly for small systems in NTT since the extra output can have a significant effect on the quality of life in remote villages. The key finding was that higher dust de-rating factors and more cleaning activity may be more appropriate for PV systems deployed in tropical climate areas than that in temperate climate regions. It is recommended that PV system Standards that use the 5% performance de-rating factor due to soiling are reviewed and consideration given to climate-dependent de-rating factors.
•Energy losses of a 1.5 kWp in Perth, Australia and a 50 Wp in NTT, Indonesia were 113.54 and 7.11 kWh/year, respectively.•Time to perform a manual cleaning was in October for the system in Perth, while in August and October for the system in NTT.•A higher dust de-rating factor is required for PV systems deployed in tropical climate areas.
Damping-off is a disease that leads to the decay of germinating seeds and young seedlings, which represents for farmers one of the most important yield constraints both in nurseries and fields. As ...for other biotic stresses, conventional fungicides are widely used to manage this disease, with two major consequences. On the one hand, fungicide overuse threatens the human health and causes ecological concerns. On the other hand, this practice has led to the emergence of pesticide-resistant microorganisms in the environment. Thus, there are increasing concerns to develop sustainable and durable damping-off management strategies that are less reliant on conventional pesticides. Achieving such a goal requires a better knowledge of pathogen biology and disease epidemiology in order to facilitate the decision-making process. It also demands using all available non-chemical tools that can be adapted to regional and specific production situations. However, this still is not the case and major knowledge gaps must be filled. Here, we review up to 300 articles of the damping-off literature in order to highlight major knowledge gaps and identify future research priorities. The major findings are (i) damping-off is an emerging disease worldwide, which affects all agricultural and forestry crops, both in nurseries and fields; (ii) over a dozen of soil-borne fungi and fungus-like organisms are a cause of damping-off but only a few of them are frequently associated with the disease; (iii) damping-off may affect from 5 to 80% of the seedlings, thereby inducing heavy economic consequences for farmers; (iv) a lot of research efforts have been made in recent years to develop biocontrol solutions for damping-off and there are interesting future perspectives; and (v) damping-off management requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach combining both preventive and curative tactics and strategies. Given the complex nature of damping-off and the numerous factors involved in its occurrence, we recommend further research on critical niches of complexity, such as seeds, seedbed, associated microbes and their interfaces, using novel and robust experimental and modeling approaches based on five research priorities described in this paper.
The global crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of long-term international quarantine measures have had a very negative impact on the tourism industry. The paper aims to analyze ...the sectoral losses of the tourism industry during quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Lviv, a city whose historical center is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. The article highlights the potential of the tourism industry before the introduction of quarantine measures, as well as using extrapolation methods estimates the economic losses of the tourist industry of Lviv in the conditions of long-term quarantine. Besides, the anti-crisis measures of the city authorities to minimize the impact of quarantine due to COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry of Lviv are described. Based on a statistical analysis of the forecasted economic losses, it is recommended that city authorities abolish some local taxes and fees in the tourism sector to restore its potential as soon as possible.
Parasites reside inside or outside their hosts and get host nutrition and blood. Here, we have emphasized economic losses in cattle caused by parasitic diseases due to ecto- and endo- parasites ...(flies, ticks, mites and helminths). We have outlined different methods/models including economic evaluation techniques and dynamic analysis as a major class, used for the calculation of economic losses caused by parasites in cattle. According to already conducted studies, a decrease in production is mentioned in quantity and percentage while financial losses are expressed in the form of account with respect to per head, herd or for the specific study area. The parasites cause the reduced production and financial losses due to control, treatment and mortality costs. We calculated the average decrease in milk production and organ condemnation as 1.16 L animal-1 day-1 and 12.95%, respectively, from overall cattle parasitic infections. Moreover, the average calculated financial and percentage losses were US$ 50.67 animal-1 year-1 and 17.94%, respectively. Economically important parasitic diseases mentioned here are caused by specific spp. of protozoans and helminths according to data collected from the literature. Protozoan diseases include tick-borne diseases, coccidiosis, neosporosis, trypanosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Losses due to tick-borne infections were encountered for decreased milk production, mortality, treatment and control. Losses from coccidiosis were due to decreased weight gain, treatment costs and mortality. While abortion losses were encountered in neosporosis. Trypanosomiasis caused losses due to a decrease in milk yield. Moreover, only diagnostic (conventional or molecular techniques) cost was taken into account for cryptosporidiosis. Economically important nematode parasites are Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Ostertagia spp. and Haemonchus placei. Due to the zoonotic importance of echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus is the most economically important cestode parasite. Losses caused by echinococcosis were due to organ condemnation, carcass weight loss and decreases hide value, milk production and fecundity. While, fascioliasis is one of the most economically important trematodal disease, which causes cirrhosis of the liver due to parasite migration, and thus, the organ becomes inedible. So, it would be helpful for farmers and researchers to approach these methods/models for calculation of parasitic losses and should adopt suitable measures to avoid long-term economic losses.
Introduction. Since 2013-2014 economic losses of Ukraine have increased all the time. The assessment of the losses is extremely important with the view to planning the economic recovery of the ...affected regions and Ukrainian economy overall. At the same time, there are many contradictions in the methods and techniques of assessment among researchers who tried to evaluate the losses of Ukrainian economy. Purpose. Considering these contradictions, the purpose of the study is to analyze, generalize, and systemize the research approaches to the assessment of Ukrainian economic losses due to the military escalation, as well as to reveal the assessment criteria. Results. Due to the systematization of the assessment approaches, the authors were able to reveal such directions of expert assessment as economic losses assessment based on the decrease in Ukrainian competitiveness on the world market; the assessment based on the decrease in economic indices of Ukrainian economy and its export potential; the expert assessment based on the losses of Ukrainian human and material capital; the assessment based on the calculation of future needs to restore the affected regions; the assessment of losses based on calculation of state property that was destroyed; the assessment of losses based on the decrease in Ukrainian export potential and availability of resources and infrastructure destruction; the assessment of direct and indirect losses, including GDP reduction. Direct losses were caused by the significant destruction of housing stock, social and production infrastructure facilities, and other important economic objects. At the same time, indirect economic losses are assessed via the calculation of expenses caused by the reduction of economic activity within the affected regions, as well as the destruction of supply chains and general decrease in the investment attractiveness. Conclusions. The authors conclude that, although methodological contradictions of assessment approaches among experts are obvious, all of the approaches have a similar goal to assess the economic losses of Ukraine in order to reveal the amount of necessary resources for the affected regions recovery and to define relevant vectors of domestic and foreign economic activity for Ukraine that would be able to restore its economic stability and international competitiveness.
SUMMARY In less than two decades, the world has experienced three outbreaks of deadly Coronaviruses, including the recent pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. COVID-19 posed an ...emergency of international concerns, and cases have been reported in more than 200 countries/regions that resulted in health, lives, and economic losses. China's economic growth is projected to fall to 5.6% this year, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected that policy investment and tax policies to implement $3.3 trillion and contributes further $4.5 trillion. IMF forecasts grow from 3.7% of global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 to 9.9% in 2020. GDP ratio projected from 3.0% in 2019 to grow 10.7% in 2020, the US ratio expected to increase from 5.8% to 15.7%. France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (UK) each reported public sector funding programs totalling > 10% of their yearly GDP. There is a dire need for regional and international co-operation to extend hands to prevent further spreading of COVID-19.
What is the greatest single class of distortions in the global economy? One contender for this title is the tightly binding constraints on emigration from poor countries. Vast numbers of people in ...low-income countries want to emigrate from those countries but cannot. How large are the economic losses caused by barriers to emigration? Research on this question has been distinguished by its rarity and obscurity, but the few estimates we have should make economists' jaws hit their desks. The gains to eliminating migration barriers amount to large fractions of world GDP--one or two orders of magnitude larger than the gains from dropping all remaining restrictions on international flows of goods and capital. When it comes to policies that restrict emigration, there appear to be trillion-dollar bills on the sidewalk. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Invasive alien species have emerged as a production constraint, the most recent in Kenya being fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda). The pest incidence has resulted in farmer welfare damage by ...exacerbating the maize yield gap, a principal staple crop in Kenya. Through a field survey, 257 farmers were interviewed. Farmer perceived direct estimates and an iterative bidding procedure were used to assess maize yield losses. The majority of farmers (99%) were aware of fall armyworm and could correctly identify it. Moreover, most of the farmers (94%) ranked fall armyworm as the major pest for the 2018 cropping season, with more than 43% of the farmers describing the resulting yield loss as high. Yield loss estimates ranged between 0.18 to 2.7 tonnes per acre. Farmers adopted a combination of control strategies, to mitigate the effect of FAW. We conclude that FAW is a problematic pest in Kenya, based on the observed significant losses due to this pest. To inform policy on appropriate and prioritization of resources to manage FAW, yield loss estimates are key.
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