Este artículo analiza los fenómenos del llamado "Periodo Especial en tiempo de paz" de la década de los 90 y los ecos de estos en la crisis económica, social y política de la Revolución Cubana tras ...el estallido de la Covid-19 y la implantación de reformas de carácter económico en la isla. Asimismo, se presenta la óptica emergida en publicaciones provenientes de Cuba, así como los productos culturales que de forma reactiva explican la realidad cubana. Por último, se destaca la importancia de la disciplina histórica en el análisis del presente cubano.
For more than four decades after World War II, those countries-and the others of Eastern Europe-were governed mainly by Soviet puppets. ...our diplomats sought to identify independent-minded leaders ...to include in our Fulbright, International Visitor, and other exchange programs. Dick Virden is a retired Minister-Counselor in the State Department Foreign Service.
Introduction Cheng, Lian
Social sciences in China,
05/2022, Volume:
43, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
It's impossible to imagine a modern market economy without finance. After launching the reform and opening and opening up policy in the late 1970s, China also started to rebuilt its financial system, ...which was almost wiped out during the planned economy era. However, progress lagged behind the reform of the real economy for a considerable period of time. There are several reasons for this. First, in the "catch-up" era, the main task of the financial sector was to raise and allocate funds for economic development, while other financial functions were neglected to a large extent. In this context, a bank-dominated financial system seemed to be a right choice and structural reform was not an urgent issue. Second, the risks inherent in financial activities and their possible threats to social stability made the central government extremely cautious about local financial innovations. As a result, the successful local experimentation approach prevailing in the economic transition was not applicable to financial reform. Finally, as modern financial operations and supervision are highly technical, the lack of qualified financial experts also posed a significant obstacle to China's then financial development, especially before the 2000s.
Research summary: We use a novel theoretical framework to synthesize ostensibly disparate streams of nonmarket strategy research. We argue that faced with weak institutions, firms can create and ...appropriate value by either adapting to, augmenting, or transforming the existing institutional environment, and can do so either independently or in collaboration with others. We use the resulting typology of six distinct nonmarket strategies to provide an integrative review of nonmarket strategy research. We then extend this framework to examine the choice between nonmarket strategies, arguing that this choice depends upon whether the existing institutional environment is incomplete or captured, and discussing other drivers of nonmarket strategy choice, the relationship between these strategies, and their social impact, so as to provide an agenda for future research. Managerial summary: The pursuit of competitive advantage often requires firms to operate in contexts where existing rules and regulations provide inadequate protection. Disruptive technologies open up new opportunities for value creation, but it takes years before appropriate regulations are introduced. Economic reforms open up new markets, but these are often regulated to favor incumbents and politically connected insiders. In such environments, managers must decide whether to adapt their strategies to the existing institutional environment, devote resources to improve it, or try to transform it altogether. In this article, we develop an integrative theoretical framework that connects and synthesizes research examining each of these options, and offers some preliminary thoughts on how managers may choose among these different approaches.
We study the effect of place-based industrial policy on economic development, focusing on the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in China. We use data from a panel of Chinese ...(prefecture-level) cities from 1988 to 2010. Our difference-in-difference estimation exploits the variation in the establishment of SEZ across time and space. We find that the establishment of a state-level SEZ is associated with an increase in the level of GDP of about 20%. This finding is confirmed with alternative specifications and in a sub-sample of inland provinces, where the selection of cities to host the zones was based on administrative criteria. The main channel is a positive effect on physical capital accumulation, although SEZ also have a positive effect on total factor productivity and human capital investments. We also investigate whether there are spillover effects of SEZ on neighboring regions or cities further away. We find positive and often significant spillover effects.
In this study, we analyze the effects of economic reforms on narrowing the imbalance gap and its impact on unemployment rates in Iraq, considering the structural imbalances that have afflicted the ...economy due to past wars and economic sanctions (Liotti, 2020). Drawing on a comprehensive analysis of the Iraqi economy, we employ a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data analysis and qualitative examination of policy measures. Our findings reveal that the Iraqi economy has been plagued by persistent structural imbalances. These imbalances have contributed to the depletion of reserves and high rates of unemployment, as economic reform programs often carry unintended consequences, such as poverty and indebtedness. By critically assessing the policies implemented following the shift, we shed light on the repercussions and desired outcomes of these reforms. Through our research, we emphasize the importance of understanding the methods and sources of these reforms and maximizing their potential to address the imbalance gap. In conclusion, this study underscores the vital need for effective strategies that can harness the full potential of economic reforms to mitigate structural imbalances and alleviate unemployment in Iraq. Findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to shape sustainable economic growth and stability in the country.
China has responded to a national land-system sustainability emergency via an integrated portfolio of large-scale programmes. Here we review 16 sustainability programmes, which invested US$378.5 ...billion (in 2015 US$), covered 623.9 million hectares of land and involved over 500 million people, mostly since 1998. We find overwhelmingly that the interventions improved the sustainability of China's rural land systems, but the impacts are nuanced and adverse outcomes have occurred. We identify some key characteristics of programme success, potential risks to their durability, and future research needs. We suggest directions for China and other nations as they progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations' Agenda 2030.
China’s Ideological Spectrum Pan, Jennifer; Xu, Yiqing
The Journal of politics,
01/2018, Volume:
80, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The study of ideology in authoritarian regimes—of how public preferences are configured and constrained—has received relatively little scholarly attention. Using data from a large-scale online ...survey, we study ideology in China. We find that public preferences are weakly constrained, and the configuration of preferences is multidimensional, but the latent traits of these dimensions are highly correlated. Those who prefer authoritarian rule are more likely to support nationalism, state intervention in the economy, and traditional social values; those who prefer democratic institutions and values are more likely to support market reforms but less likely to be nationalistic and less likely to support traditional social values. This latter set of preferences appears more in provinces with higher levels of development and among wealthier and better-educated respondents. These findings suggest that preferences are not simply split along a proregime or antiregime cleavage and indicate a possible link between China’s economic reform and ideology.
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