Abstract
A successful school-to-work transition is crucial to an individual’s initial entry into the labor market and overall sustainable career development. Scholarly interest in how emerging adults ...(i.e., late teens to late 20s) can achieve a successful transition to work has grown considerably, stemming from various disciplines, such as educational sciences, psychology, sociology, and economics. These disciplines have all produced valuable knowledge, yet, they mostly exist as separate silos, without clear integration. To create an overview of the literature, we systematically reviewed school-to-work transition literature and used a sustainable career lens to organize it. Based on 365 articles from the past 28 years, our review findings show that there are different conceptual and theoretical approaches to studying school-to-work transitions. We subsequently organize these perspectives into antecedents categorized into the sustainable career perspective’s person, context, and time dimensions. Moreover, we categorize school-to-work transition outcomes as proximal and more distal outcomes related to happiness, health, and productivity indicators. Finally, we reflect on the implications of our review article and suggest ways forward for conceptualizing and theorizing modern school-to-work transitions, along with an agenda for future research.
Objective: The current multi-university, multi-disaster study examined the impact of natural disaster exposure on identity-related distress through life stressors and posttraumatic stress symptoms ...(PTSS). Participants: Young adult university students (n = 665, 77% female, M = 20.5 years old) participated in Wave (W) 1. Half provided contact information for follow-up, and 136 university students participated in W2. Method: University students in the mainland U.S. and Puerto Rico were asked about disaster exposure, life stressors, PTSS, and identity-related distress at W1 (M = 9.7 months post-disaster) and identity-related distress at W2 (M = 12.4 months after W1). Two serial mediation models assessed the indirect effect of disaster exposure on W1 and W2 identity-related distress through life stressors and PTSS. Results: Disaster exposure impacted identity-related distress concurrently and longitudinally through increasing life stressors since disaster and PTSS. Conclusion: Potential supportive services should address identity-related distress among disaster-exposed young adults with PTSS.
Objective:
The prevalence of co-use of alcohol and cannabis is increasing, particularly among young adults. Sex differences in the effects of alcohol alone and cannabis alone have been observed in ...animals and humans. However, sex differences in the acute pharmacological effects of cannabis combined with alcohol have not yet been studied. In young adults, aged 19-29 years, we aimed to examine sex differences following an intoxicating dose of alcohol (target 0.08% breath alcohol content) combined with a moderate dose of cannabis (12.5% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; THC) using an ad libitum smoking procedure.
Method:
Using a within-subjects design, 28 regular cannabis users (16 males; 12 females) received in random order: (a) placebo alcohol and placebo cannabis, (b) active alcohol and placebo cannabis, (c) placebo alcohol and active cannabis, and (d) active alcohol and active cannabis. Blood samples for THC were collected and measures of vital signs, subjective drug effects, and cognition were collected.
Results:
In the alcohol-cannabis combined condition, females smoked significantly less of the cannabis cigarette compared to males (p < .001), although both sexes smoked similar amounts in the other conditions. There was minimal evidence that females and males differed in THC blood concentrations, vitals, subjective effects, or cognitive measures.
Conclusions:
In the alcohol-cannabis combined condition, females experienced the same acute pharmacological and subjective effects of alcohol and cannabis as males, after smoking less cannabis, which has potential implications for informing education and policy. Further research is warranted on sex differences in cannabis pharmacology, as well as the combined effects of alcohol and cannabis.
Public Health Significance
Despite the highly prevalent co-use of alcohol and cannabis, particularly among young adults, sex differences in the pharmacological and subjective effects of co-use are not well understood. In a sample of regular alcohol and cannabis users, females experienced the same acute effects of alcohol and cannabis as males, after smoking significantly less cannabis. These findings may suggest sex differences in how males and females co-use alcohol and cannabis and experience their effects, which have potential important implications for informing education and policy.
Listening to speech in adverse conditions can be challenging and effortful, especially for older adults. This study examined age-related differences in effortful listening by recording changes in the ...task-evoked pupil response (TEPR; a physiological marker of listening effort) both at the level of sentence processing and over the entire course of a listening task. A total of 65 (32 young adults, 33 older adults) participants performed a speech recognition task in the presence of a competing talker, while moment-to-moment changes in pupil size were continuously monitored. Participants were also administered the Vanderbilt Fatigue Scale, a questionnaire assessing daily life listening-related fatigue within four domains (social, cognitive, emotional, physical). Normalized TEPRs were overall larger and more steeply rising and falling around the peak in the older versus the young adult group during sentence processing. Additionally, mean TEPRs over the course of the listening task were more stable in the older versus the young adult group, consistent with a more sustained recruitment of compensatory attentional resources to maintain task performance. No age-related differences were found in terms of total daily life listening-related fatigue; however, older adults reported higher scores than young adults within the social domain. Overall, this study provides evidence for qualitatively distinct patterns of physiological arousal between young and older adults consistent with age-related upregulation in resource allocation during listening. A more detailed understanding of age-related changes in the subjective and physiological mechanisms that underlie effortful listening will ultimately help to address complex communication needs in aging listeners.
Objective: Alcohol and cannabis are two of the most commonly used substances among young adults, and most individuals who use both substances use them simultaneously, that is, on the same occasion ...such that their effects overlap. Given the high prevalence of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, it is important to understand the relationship between simultaneous use and consequences. This study presents a qualitative examination of positive and negative consequences of simultaneous use. Method: We conducted individual interviews among 36 young adults who engage in simultaneous use (23 women, 12 men, 1 trans man). Interviews included open-ended questions examining negative and positive consequences of simultaneous use and how simultaneous use differed from single substance use (alcohol only use, cannabis only use). Interviews were analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Results: Young adults reported numerous negative and positive consequences of simultaneous use, many overlapping with single substance use. Yet, they also reported unique combinations of positive consequences not experienced by single substance use. Young adults discussed patterns of use that were sometimes approached intentionally (e.g., quantity of substances used, order) that influenced consequences. Conclusions: Together these findings provide further insight into young adults' simultaneous use experiences. Next steps should include quantitative exploratory research to identify and determine the frequency of specific consequences experienced during simultaneous use and examine the relationship between simultaneous use consequences and particular patterns of use.
Public Health Significance Statement
This qualitative study found consequences overlapped between simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use and single substance use occasions, but young adults did discuss unique combinations of positive consequences during simultaneous use. Patterns of use were reported to influence consequences and were sometimes approached intentionally to reduce harms. These findings may inform future quantitative studies such that better quantitative assessment and characterization of simultaneous use consequences may help us to better understand simultaneous use outcomes.
The fear-avoidance model is a well-established framework for understanding the transition from acute to chronic pain. However, its applicability to concussions is not yet well understood. Here, we ...conduct the first mixed methods analysis of the fear-avoidance model in young adults with a recent concussion and co-occurring anxiety and assess the model's alignment with their lived experience.
We conducted a mixed methods analysis using a cross-sectional parallel design. Seventeen participants completed questionnaires corresponding with the elements in the fear-avoidance model (e.g., pain catastrophizing, avoidance, disability, anxiety, depression, etc.) and participated in semistructured interviews probing their experiences following their concussion between March 2021 and February 2022. We calculated bivariate correlations for quantitative data and analyzed the qualitative data using hybrid inductive-deductive thematic analysis.
Quantitative results demonstrated strong and medium-sized correlations among theorized relationships within the fear-avoidance model (
s = .40-.85) with the majority being statistically significant. Qualitative results provided substantial convergent and complementary support (e.g., bi-directionality of some relationships, associations between nonadjacent model components, centrality of anxiety in symptom persistence) for the application of the fear-avoidance model to concussions. Findings highlighted additional factors (social factors and post-injury endurance patterns) relevant to this population.
The fear-avoidance model is a useful lens for understanding the lived experience of young adults with a recent concussion and co-occurring anxiety. Psychosocial treatment for this population would benefit from focusing on the interplay of concussion symptoms, anxiety, depression, disability, and pain-related fear, offering adaptive confrontation strategies, and addressing the interpersonal impact of concussion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
This study quantified changes in self-reported sexual orientation from adolescence to early adulthood, and whether childhood gender nonconformity (GNC) predicted sexual orientation changes. Youth ...(2,678 boys and 3,359 girls; 96.09% ethnically White) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were included. Self-reported sexual orientation was measured using sexual attraction (5-point scale) at ages 15.5, 21, and 23. GNC was measured via Preschool Activities Inventory at ages 2.5, 3.5, and 4.75 years. The prevalence of boys and girls who reported being gay/lesbian increased from 15.5 to 21 years old whereas the proportion of bisexuals was relatively stable for both sexes. Among boys, heterosexuality and being gay were equally stable and relatively more stable compared to bisexuality. Among girls, reporting being lesbian and bisexual were equally unstable and relatively less stable than heterosexuality. Girls reporting being lesbian were more likely to report changes in their sexual orientation than gay adolescent boys. The stability of being lesbian and bisexual among girls, and bisexuality among boys, increased over time. Overall, few people changed their self-reported sexual orientation between ages 21 and 23. GNC at 2.5 years, and changes in GNC from 2.5 to 4.75 years, predicted being lesbian/gay at 15.5, 21, and 23 years and changes from being heterosexual to lesbian/gay from 15.5 to 21 years in each sex. In conclusion, self-reported sexual orientation from adolescence to young adulthood is relatively stable in males compared to females, and childhood GNC is a predictor of any, albeit small, sexual orientation changes.
Emerging adults are heavy users of smartphones and social media, a behavioral trend that may disrupt the experience of solitude and decrease the corresponding benefits for mood regulation and ...identity development. This study used the experience sampling method to assess the associations between solitude, social media use, and psychological adjustment in the everyday lives of 69 college students and to investigate whether individual differences in extraversion and the preference for solitude influenced these associations. Cluster analyses showed that high-functioning introverts with high identity development and low loneliness were more likely than extraverts and low-functioning introverts to spend time truly alone without using social media, and they exhibited the lowest social media use in general. Analyses using covariance pattern modeling indicated that, contrary to expectations, participants were happier when on their devices, particularly when they were alone but preferred to be with people. These findings illustrate both the appeals and pitfalls of social media and device use. Although our moods may improve from using social media during solitude, chronic device use when alone may inhibit identity development and other psychosocial developmental tasks.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
An experience sampling study showed that the use of social media during solitude has a paradoxical relationship to psychological adjustment; although it elevates one's current mood state, it is also linked to low identity development and high trait loneliness. Social media use may be a form of mood regulation when one does not wish to be alone. Individuals who consistently spend time on their devices when alone may bypass important psychosocial developmental processes gained through solitude.
Experiences of racism contribute to the mental health burden of Black individuals in the United States, and during emerging adulthood, these impacts may be especially intensified. The majority of ...research on racism captures individual-level experiences and utilizes frequency-based measures. This mixed methods investigation examines convergence and divergence between a measure of recent experiences of racism and a measure of worst experiences of racism at multiple levels (individual, cultural, institutional). A sample of 186 Black college-attending emerging adults (Mage = 19.36; 62.7% female) reported their recent experiences using a quantitative measure and their worst experiences via a qualitative open-ended response, which were analyzed via convergent parallel design. The results indicated that a majority of reported worst experiences had an institutional-level component. Although the quantitative measure of recent experiences corresponded with reports of individual-level worst experiences, the institutional- and cultural-level worst experiences were rarely fully captured by the recent experiences measure. Implications for the mental health of Black college-attending emerging adults are discussed.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
Although it is important to understand the frequency of recent exposure to racism experienced by Black college-attending emerging adults, less research investigates the time-limited high-impact worst experiences of racism, as well as experiences beyond the individual level. This study suggests that understanding both worst experiences and recent experiences at multiple levels (individual, cultural, institutional) may be most valuable for effective and social justice-informed policy and treatment focused on supporting the behavioral health of Black college-attending emerging adults.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in early adolescence and heavy smoking in emerging adulthood, focusing on the mediating role of ...individuals' not in education, employment, or training (NEET) status.
Using a retrospective cohort sample from the Taiwan Youth Project, 2,903 participants from the age of 14 years until the age of 22 years were surveyed. Respondents' ACEs were assessed at the age of 14 years, their NEET status was assessed at the age of 20 years, and heavy smoking was measured at the age of 22 years. Regression and mediation analyses with resampling were conducted.
In a separate model, cumulative ACEs, three or more ACEs, and family dysfunction during early adolescence were significantly related and emerging adults' heavy smoking (adjusted odds ratio AOR = 1.32; AOR = 2.91; and AOR = 2.31, respectively) and NEET status (AOR = 1.27; AOR = 2.99; and AOR = 2.09, respectively). In the final model (including both ACE and NEET), these three ACE measures were still significantly related to heavy smoking and NEET status was also significantly related to heavy smoking. Finally, bootstrapping results indicated that the indirect effects from ACEs on heavy smoking through NEET were significant, which indicated significant indirect effects.
ACEs have a profound impact on emerging adults' heavy smoking, both directly and indirectly, through their NEET status. Thus, future research should focus on individuals' NEET status and its association with unhealthy behaviors in emerging adulthood.
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