This is the first English translation of one of Korea's most celebrated historical works, a pre-modern classic so well known to Koreans that it has inspired contemporary literature and television. ...Written in 1821 by Chong Yagyong (Tasan),Admonitions on Governing the People (Mongmin simso)is a detailed manual for district magistrates on how to govern better. In encyclopedic fashion, Chong Yagyong addresses the administration, social and economic life, criminal justice, the military, and the Confucian ritual system. He provides examples of past corrupt officials and discusses topics of the day such as famine relief and social welfare. A general call for overhauling the Korean ruling system, the book also makes the radical proposition that the purpose of government is to serve the interests of the people. This long-awaited translation opens a new window on early-nineteenth century Korea and makes available to a wide audience a work whose main concerns simultaneously transcend national and cultural boundaries.
In 1912, Daniel Alexander Payne Murray published a prospectus for his "Historical and Biographical Encyclopedia of the Colored Race throughout the World." He promised to publish what literary ...historian Henry Louis Gates Jr., would describe as the "Grail" for black scholars. As Murray planned his encyclopedia in the first decade of the twentieth century, persons of African descent in the United States were killed and assaulted because of their race, and racial identification was as critical an issue as it was also ambiguous. Moreover, despite its ambiguity, or perhaps, because of it, race, in 1912 and since the Naturalization Act of 1790, had everything to do with American citizenship. In Murray's time, whether a person was identified on the one hand as "white" or "octoroon" versus an identity as "black," "Negro," "mulatto," or "quadroon" influenced whether or not that person could exercise his rights as an American citizen (with her rights barely entering the question). However, race, as Murray understood with its skin color codes shading the meaning of American citizenship, was much more a social construction than it was biological evidence of a person's hereditary origins. Formulating a strategy in support of black American citizenship, Murray developed a global interpretation of the black American experience from a pragmatically ambiguous cultural practice to compose an identity for himself, his people, and his proposed encyclopedia.
Genome tiling array technology combined with a method for both enrichment and depletion of mismatch-containing cDNA fragments offers a useful approach for detecting coding single nucleotide ...polymorphisms (cSNPs) and mutations in pooled cDNA samples. Enriched mismatch and perfect match cDNA samples from human primary melanoma cells and normal melanocytes were obtained by selection using mismatch repair thymine DNA glycosylase-bound beads. These cDNA samples were then labeled and hybridized to Encyclopedia of DNA Elements genome tiling arrays. The results revealed that the hybridization intensity values of potential cDNA variation regions of the enriched mismatch samples increased, whereas the hybridization intensity values of corresponding regions of the enriched perfect match samples decreased. Six potential mutations were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction product sequencing, including two novel heterozygous mutations in melanoma cells. We suggest that this strategy should increase the efficiency of both cSNP and mutation detection throughout the entire human genome and decrease the cost and complexity of genomewide analysis of cDNA variations.
The complete DNA sequence of the human genome and of several related mammals are now available, due to the investments of enormous resources and advances in sequencing technology. Novel technologies ...have been developed to compare multiple genomes with each other, thus specifying regions of sequence similarity among mammals and with their pathogens. Larger blocks of sequence similarity (syntenic regions) have been determined and made publicly available. In many ways, novel insights can be gained by such data when combining external genetic or clinical information for these syntenic loci. These novel tools have proven to be successful in inferring functional equivalence between loci of multiple genomes. This review reports on the role of comparative genomics in research on autoimmune diseases, a field with strong dependencies on animal models of human diseases and the problem of an adequate information transfer between multiple organisms and research areas.
Architect, animator and educator Nic Clear challenges the contemporary notion of the pastoral to go beyond the simplistic binary opposites of the untainted rural idyll and the industrialised city. He ...explores how the narratives of the pastoral have provided a mainstay for science fiction and how this can be used to re‐imagine nature itself with the aid of advanced biotechnologies to create new architectures for the 21st century.
The history of motivational research in education is traced through chapters on motivation in the
Encyclopedia of Educational Research
from 1941 to 1990. Discussion of the drive concept, the ...motivation-learning distinction, the role of individual differences, and the emergence of cognitive concerns and the self are examined. Great shifts are documented, and current as well as future trends are discussed.
The systematization of the sciences as a cultural task. Options for an open understanding of culture in Paul Hinneberg's Encyclopedia. – Paul Hinneberg promises, in his multi‐volume Kultur der ...Gegenwart (1906sqq.), to capture the ‘culture’ of his time in its entirety; only a veritable encyclopedia could be adequate to the task of synthesizing the manifold and disparate tendencies of ‘Kultur’. Surprisingly, however, any attempt to make explicit the systematic principles governing his encyclopedic synthesis is missing from his project. It is argued that this – unusual – feature of Hinneberg's Kultur der Gegenwart can itself be understood as a result of typical analyses of ‘Kultur’ at the turn of the century; culture, as an open, multi‐sided, and integrative concept may indeed best be captured in an open system that avoids strict and explicit demarcations. In these respects, the task of capturing Kultur turns out to be closely linked to another task prominent around 1900: that of providing a systematic ordering of the various ‘Wissenschaften’.
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