Growth retardation of calves is defined as a symptom of impaired growth and development, probably due to growth hormone disorder as well as natural and environmental factors in livestock. The ...growth-promoting effects of probiotics were determined in 50 growth-retarded growth calves. They were supplied with
C-1 (Ba, 4 × 10
CFU/d,
= 16),
(Bs, 4 × 10
CFU/d,
= 18), and negative control (NC,
= 16) for 30 days. Pre- and post-intervention, the growth performance (weight gain rate, feed intake and feed conversion rate) was analyzed, the serum GH, IGH-1 and immunoglobulin levels were assayed, and the fecal microbiota was detected. Calves in Ba and Bs groups demonstrated increased body weight gain, feed intake and GH/IGF-1 levels, as well as a more efficient feed conversion rate, compared with NC group (
< 0.05). Additionally, the abundances of bacteria contributing to the production of energy and SCFAs (short chain fatty acids), including
,
, and
were increased compared with NC group (
< 0.05,
< 0.1); and the suspected pathogens, which included
and
were decreased (
< 0.05,
< 0.1) in both the Bs and Ba groups.
, which is involved in the intestinal mucosal immune response, was increased in Bs group after intervention (
< 0.05,
< 0.1), but exhibited no obvious difference in Ba group. The increased bacterial genera in Ba group were
and
(
< 0.05,
< 0.1). These results indicate that the probiotics
and
exhibited similar therapeutic potential in terms of growth performance by regulating hormones, and improving the intestinal and rumen development in growth-retarded animals.
1. Egg-laying performance reflects the overall reproductive performance of breeding hens. The genetic traits for egg-laying performance have low or medium heritability, and, depending on the period ...involved, usually ranges from 0.16 to 0.64. Egg-laying in chickens is regulated by a combination of environmental, endocrine and genetic factors.
2. The main endocrine factors that regulate egg-laying are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH).
3. In the last three decades, many studies have explored this aspect at a molecular genetic level. Recent studies identified 31 reproductive hormone-based candidate genes that were significantly associated with egg-laying performance. With the development of genome-sequencing technology, 64 new candidate genes and 108 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to egg-laying performance have been found using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), providing novel insights into the molecular genetic mechanisms governing egg production. At the same time, microRNAs that regulate genes responsible for egg-laying in chickens were reviewed.
4. Research on endocrinological and genetic factors affecting egg-laying performance will greatly improve the reproductive performance of chickens and promote the protection, development, and utilisation of poultry. This review summarises studies on the endocrine and genetic factors of egg-laying performance in chickens from 1972 to 2019.
To investigate the beneficial role of prebiotics on endothelial dysfunction, an early key marker of cardiovascular diseases, in an original mouse model linking steatosis and endothelial dysfunction.
...We examined the contribution of the gut microbiota to vascular dysfunction observed in apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe
) mice fed an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-depleted diet for 12 weeks with or without inulin-type fructans (ITFs) supplementation for the last 15 days. Mesenteric and carotid arteries were isolated to evaluate endothelium-dependent relaxation ex vivo. Caecal microbiota composition (Illumina Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene) and key pathways/mediators involved in the control of vascular function, including bile acid (BA) profiling, gut and liver key gene expression, nitric oxide and gut hormones production were also assessed.
ITF supplementation totally reverses endothelial dysfunction in mesenteric and carotid arteries of n-3 PUFA-depleted Apoe
mice via activation of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase/NO pathway. Gut microbiota changes induced by prebiotic treatment consist in increased NO-producing bacteria, replenishment of abundance in
and decreased abundance in bacterial taxa involved in secondary BA synthesis. Changes in gut and liver gene expression also occur upon ITFs suggesting increased glucagon-like peptide 1 production and BA turnover as drivers of endothelium function preservation.
We demonstrate for the first time that ITF improve endothelial dysfunction, implicating a short-term adaptation of both gut microbiota and key gut peptides. If confirmed in humans, prebiotics could be proposed as a novel approach in the prevention of metabolic disorders-related cardiovascular diseases.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are processed from primary miRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs), many of which are annotated as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). We assessed whether MIR205HG, the host gene for miR-205, ...has independent functions as an lncRNA. Comparing mice with targeted deletions of MIR205HG and miR-205 revealed a functional role for the lncRNA in the anterior pituitary. Mice lacking MIR205HG had a temporal reduction in Pit1, growth hormone, and prolactin. This was mediated, in part, through the ability of this lncRNA to bind and regulate the transcriptional activity of Pit1 in conjunction with Zbtb20. Knockdown of MIR205HG in lactotropes decreased the expression of Pit1, Zbtb20, prolactin, and growth hormone, while its overexpression enhanced the levels of these transcripts. The effects of MIR205HG on the pituitary were independent of miR-205. The data support a role for MIR205HG as an lncRNA that regulates growth hormone and prolactin production in the anterior pituitary.
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•MIR205HG, an lncRNA, regulates growth hormone and prolactin production in the pituitary•MIR205HG regulation of hormone production is independent of the embedded miRNA, miR-205•MIR205HG complexes Pit1, potentiating the transcriptional activity of Pit1 and Zbtb20
MIR205HG is an lncRNA that harbors the gene for miR-205, an miRNA expressed in epithelial cells. Du et al. show that mouse MIR205HG functions in the anterior pituitary, independently of miR-205, to regulate growth. The lncRNA acts with the transcription factor Pit1 to regulate expression of growth hormone and prolactin.
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are emerging contaminants of concern (ECC) that disturb endocrine hormones and system functionality even at very low concentrations (i.e. μg/L or ng/L levels). ...Hence, EDCs are found in all components of the environment including surface and groundwater, wastewater, soil, outdoor and indoor air and in the contaminated foods from a variety of sources (run off from agricultural activities, sewage treatment plants, leakage from septic tanks etc.), and the effects are more severe as the majority of EDCs do not have standard regulations. The environmental mobility of EDCs is higher as conventional wastewater treatment does not degrade efficiently and the development of effective and sustainable removal technologies specifically designed for the removal of those emerging micropollutants is essential. Accordingly, EDCs cause various public health diseases such as reproductive abnormalities, obesity, various cancer types, cardiovascular risks, metabolic disorders, epigenetic alterations, autism, etc. This paper reviews the existing and emerging treatment technologies for the removal of phenolic based EDCs, such as natural estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3)), synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and phenolic xenoestrogens (4-nonyl phenols (4-NP) and bisphenol-A (BPA)) from the contaminated environment. These includes advanced oxidation processes (AOP), adsorption processes, membrane based filtration, bioremediation, phytoremediation and other integrated approaches. The sustainability of EDCs removal can be assured through the use of combined processes (i.e. low-cost - biological and adsorption methods with efficient and costly - AOPs) techniques through system integration to achieve better removal efficiency than using a single treatment technique. Besides, the public health concerns and future research perspectives of EDCs are also highlighted.
Micropollutants, Endocrine disruptors, Endocrine hormones, Public health concern, Wastewater treatment.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are commonly prescribed medications for a variety of gastrointestinal disorders around the globe. Long-term utilization of proton pump inhibitors is linked with different ...adverse events. Although, short-term therapy has been demonstrated to have little or no impact on endocrine hormones in men, yet its safety with long-term use has poorly been studied. We aimed to evaluate the impacts of long-term utilization of proton pump inhibitors on male reproductive hormones and its clinical outcomes. A cross-sectional study was performed in two out-patients gastroenterology clinics in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Male patients who were using PPIs regularly for≥3 months were enrolled in this study. Among 65 enrolled participants, patients with sexual complaints have significant variations in mean serum levels of prolactin (p<0.001), sex hormone binding globulins (p=0.043), total testosterone (p<0.001) and progesterone (p=0.001) as compared to patients without sexual complaints. Significantly high values of prolactin mean ranks were observed in patient with sexual complaints (p<0.001). There were statistically significant correlations of serum levels of sex hormone binding globulins (p=0.003), total testosterone (p=0.008) and progesterone (p<0.001) with serum prolactin levels. Similarly, statistically significant variation was observed for decreased libido (p=0.001), erectile dysfunction (p=0.001) and decreased semen mass ((p<0.001) between normal and hyperprolactinemic PPI users. Highly significant differences were observed in serum sex hormone binding globulins (p<0.001), total testosterone (p<0.001) and progesterone (p<0.001) values in normal and hyperprolactinemic groups. In conclusion, long-term utilization of PPI may induce endocrine hormone disruption with subsequent sexual complications.
Key points
Sympathetic outflow and circulating glucogenic hormones both regulate liver function by increasing cytosolic calcium, although how these calcium signals are integrated at the tissue level ...is currently unknown.
We show that stimulation of hepatic nerve fibres or perfusing the liver with physiological concentrations of vasopressin only will evoke localized cytosolic calcium oscillations and modest increases in hepatic glucose production.
The combination of these stimuli acted synergistically to convert localized and asynchronous calcium responses into co‐ordinated intercellular calcium waves that spread throughout the liver lobule and elicited a synergistic increase in hepatic glucose production.
The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that subthreshold levels of one hormone can create an excitable medium across the liver lobule, which allows global propagation of calcium signals in response to local sympathetic innervation and integration of metabolic regulation by multiple hormones. This enables the liver lobules to respond as functional units to produce full‐strength metabolic output at physiological levels of hormone.
Glucogenic hormones, including catecholamines and vasopressin, induce frequency‐modulated cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations in hepatocytes, and these propagate as intercellular Ca2+ waves via gap junctions in the intact liver. We investigated the role of co‐ordinated Ca2+ waves as a mechanism for integrating multiple endocrine and neuroendocrine inputs to control hepatic glucose production in perfused rat liver. Sympathetic nerve stimulation elicited localized Ca2+ increases that were restricted to hepatocytes in the periportal zone. During perfusion with subthreshold vasopressin, sympathetic stimulation converted asynchronous Ca2+ signals in a limited number of hepatocytes into co‐ordinated intercellular Ca2+ waves that propagated across entire lobules. A similar synergism was observed between physiological concentrations of glucagon and vasopressin, where glucagon also facilitated the recruitment of hepatocytes into a Ca2+ wave. Hepatic glucose production was significantly higher with intralobular Ca2+ waves. We propose that inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3)‐dependent Ca2+ signalling gives rise to an excitable medium across the functional syncytium of the hepatic lobule, co‐ordinating and amplifying the metabolic responses to multiple hormonal inputs.
Key points
Sympathetic outflow and circulating glucogenic hormones both regulate liver function by increasing cytosolic calcium, although how these calcium signals are integrated at the tissue level is currently unknown.
We show that stimulation of hepatic nerve fibres or perfusing the liver with physiological concentrations of vasopressin only will evoke localized cytosolic calcium oscillations and modest increases in hepatic glucose production.
The combination of these stimuli acted synergistically to convert localized and asynchronous calcium responses into co‐ordinated intercellular calcium waves that spread throughout the liver lobule and elicited a synergistic increase in hepatic glucose production.
The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that subthreshold levels of one hormone can create an excitable medium across the liver lobule, which allows global propagation of calcium signals in response to local sympathetic innervation and integration of metabolic regulation by multiple hormones. This enables the liver lobules to respond as functional units to produce full‐strength metabolic output at physiological levels of hormone.
The regulation of glycemia is under a tight neuronal detection of glucose levels performed by the gut-brain axis and an efficient efferent neuronal message sent to the peripheral organs, as the ...pancreas to induce insulin and inhibit glucagon secretions. The neuronal detection of glucose levels is performed by the autonomic nervous system including the enteric nervous system and the vagus nerve innervating the gastro-intestinal tractus, from the mouth to the anus. A dysregulation of this detection leads to the one of the most important current health issue around the world i.e. diabetes mellitus. Furthemore, the consequences of diabetes mellitus on neuronal homeostasis and activities participate to the aggravation of the disease establishing a viscious circle. Prokaryotic cells as bacteria, reside in our gut. The strong relationship between prokaryotic cells and our eukaryotic cells has been established long ago, and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in our body have evolved synbiotically. For the last decades, studies demonstrated the critical role of the gut microbiota on the metabolic control and how its shift can induce diseases such as diabetes. Despite an important increase of knowledge, few is known about 1) how the gut microbiota influences the neuronal detection of glucose and 2) how the diabetes mellitus-induced gut microbiota shift observed participates to the alterations of autonomic nervous system and the gut-brain axis activity.
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•Organophosphates (OPs) poisoning is common in developing countries.•OPs were increased micronucleus (MN) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), apoptotic and necrotic cell ...frequencies.•These increases may be associated with some endocrine hormones in acute OPs poisoning.•MN and NPBs frequencies, apoptotic and necrotic cell frequencies decreased after treatment in acute OPs poisoning.
Pesticides are commonly used compounds in agriculture. Especially, organophosphates (OPs) are among the extensively used pesticides. Therefore, OPs poisoning is common, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. Primary aim of this study was to research the effects of acute OPs poisoning on genome instability in the individuals’ lymphocytes with acute OPs poisoning both by using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-cyt) assay to examine chromosome/genome damage, cell proliferation index and cell death rate and by using the plasma 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels to determine oxidative DNA damage. Secondary aim of this study was also to assess whether a relation exists between endocrine hormones and the genome damage in acute OPs poisoning. In the study, blood samples were analysed of 13 patients before and after treatment admitted to the Department of Intensive Care Unit with acute OPs poisoning and of 13 healthy subjects of similar age and sex. The present study demonstrates that genome damage (micronucleus; MN and nucleoplasmic bridges; NPBs frequencies), apoptotic and necrotic cell frequencies increased in lymphocytes of patients with acute OPs poisoning before treatment and decreased after treatment. The present study also show that CBMN cyt assay parameters and 8-OHdG levels could be affected by some endocrine hormones such as E2, fT3, fT4, GH, IGF-1, FSH, LH, TSH, PRL, but not be related to ACTH and tT levels in acute OPs poisoning. In conclusion, it is believed that this is the first study to evaluate the chromosomal/oxidative DNA damage, cell proliferation, cell death and their associations with endocrine hormones in acute OPs poisoning. These preliminary findings need to be supported by further studies with larger sample sizes.
Purpose
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used to treat a range of gastrointestinal diseases around the world. Long-term use of PPIs has been associated to a variety of undesirable effects. ...Although short-term therapy has been shown to have little or no effect on endocrine hormone in women, however, its long-term safety has received little attention. We aimed at evaluating long-term use of PPIs and its effects on female reproductive hormones as well as related clinical consequences.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in two outpatient gastroenterology clinics in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study included female patients who had been using PPIs on a regular basis for 3 months or more.
Results
In total of 101 participants, patients with sexual complaints have significantly altered levels of prolactin (
p
= 0.05), estrogen (
p
< 0.001) and progesterone (
p
= 0.001) than patient without sexual complaints. The frequency of amenorrhea (
p
< 0.001), cyclic disturbances (
p
< 0.001), breast augmentation (
p
= 0.001) and painful breast (
p
= 0.004) were statistically significant in patients with raised serum prolactin values. Serum values of Sex hormone binding globulin SHBG (
p
< 0.001), estradiol (
p
= 0.002) and total testosterone (
p
< 0.001) were significantly altered between normal prolactin and hyperprolactinemic patients.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that long-term PPI use may cause endocrine hormone disturbances leading to sexual difficulties in women.
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