SUMMARY
The energy content of ingredients is estimated from tabulated values, predictive equations, and in vivo bioassays. Numerous institutions and research centers have edited comprehensive tables ...to evaluate the nutritive value of ingredients in poultry diets. However, the energy values provided in these tables vary widely for most traditional raw materials, including protein meals, cereals, and lipid sources. Various reasons help to explain some of the discrepancies among sources but in most cases, the differences in energy reported are not justified. Predictive equations based on near-infrared reflectance (NIRS) technology are gaining popularity for energy estimation of dietary ingredients. Online regression equations facilitate feed formulation but often the equations available are not suitable for use under many practical conditions. In vivo trials conducted at research institutions and feed companies are valid sources of information, especially for non-traditional ingredients. However, in vivo tests are of limited use under most practical conditions. In summary, each of the methods described has advantages and disadvantages. Two priorities in poultry research are the standardization of the procedures used in the in vivo trials and the online implementation of simple methods, based on NIRS technology, to predict accurately the energy content of ingredients and feeds. Nutritionists and feed mill managers should be aware of the methodology used and their applicability before selecting any of the procedures reported in this review.
Fast growing food processing industry in most countries across the world, generates huge quantity of by-products, including pomace, hull, husk, pods, peel, shells, seeds, stems, stalks, bran, ...washings, pulp refuse, press cakes, etc., which have less use and create considerable environmental pollution. With growing interest in health promoting functional foods, the demand of natural bioactives has increased and exploration for new sources is on the way. Many of the food processing industrial by-products are rich sources of dietary, functional, and novel fibers. These by-products can be directly (or after certain modifications for isolation or purification of fiber) used for the manufacture of various foods, i.e. bread, buns, cake, pasta, noodles, biscuit, ice creams, yogurts, cheese, beverages, milk shakes, instant breakfasts, ice tea, juices, sports drinks, wine, powdered drink, fermented milk products, meat products and meat analogues, synthetic meat, etc. A comprehensive literature survey has been carried on this topic to give an overview in the field dietary fiber from food by-products. In this article, the developments in the definition of fiber, fiber classification, potential sources of dietary fibers in food processing by-products, their uses, functional properties, caloric content, energy values and the labelling regulations have been discussed.
•This study performs LCA analysis of sugarcane-based bioethanol production.•Energy and GHG balances are evaluated in the entire production chain.•Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify key ...influencing parameters.•Efficient cogeneration and biogas recovery enhances energy and climate gains.•Results of LCA studies and issues related to land use change impact are discussed.
This study analyses the sustainability of fuel ethanol production from cane molasses in Indonesia. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed to evaluate the net emissions (climate change impact) and energy inputs (resource consumption) in the production chain. The lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the production and use of ethanol are estimated at 29gCO2eq per MJ of ethanol produced which is a 67% reduction in comparison to gasoline emissions. Net Energy Value (NEV) and Net Renewable Energy Value (NREV) are −7MJ/l and 17.7MJ/l, while the energy yield ratio (ER) is 6.1. Economic allocation is chosen for dividing environmental burdens and resource consumption between sugar (i.e. main product) and molasses (i.e. co-product used for fuel production). Sensitivity analysis of various parameters is performed. The emissions and energy values are highly sensitive to sugarcane yield, ethanol yield, and the price of molasses. The use of sugarcane biomass residues (bagasse/trash) for efficient cogeneration, and different waste management options for the treatment of spent wash (effluent of distilleries) are also explored. Surplus bioelectricity generation in the efficient cogeneration plant, biogas recovery from wastewater treatment plant, and their use for fossil fuel substitution can help improve energy and environmental gains. The study also compares important results with other relevant international studies and discusses issues related to land use change (LUC) impact.
Abstract In this study, jujube fruits were investigated effects on drying kinetics and energy consumption (total-specific), heat-mass transfer coefficients, micro-structure of pre-treatments 2% ethyl ...oleate, 540 W microwave and freeze-thaw + 720 W microwave. Initial moisture of fruit from 0.75 ± 0.2 g (water).g-1 (dry matter) to 0.15 ± 0.1 g (water).g-1 (dry matter). The shortest drying durations were observed in 2% ethyl oleate pre-treated samples. The greatest total power consumption (1.502 kW) was observed in control samples The greatest specific energy consumption (158.98 kW.kg-1) was observed in freeze-thaw pre-treated samples. The effective diffusion values varied between 9.53 x 10-8-5.26 x 10-8 m2.s-1. Lewis and Jena-Das models the best estimated time-dependent moisture ratios in freeze-thaw pre-treated samples. The average speed values was determined between 0.0025-0.0005 (gr db.minute-1) at the beginning of the drying and decreased to about 0.0005 (gr db.minute-1) at the lasting of the drying. The largest mass transfer coefficient value was found depending on the time varied between 1.035 x 10-7-8.256 x 10-12 m.s-1. in the samples dried by dipping into a 2% ethyl oleate solution. The average heat transfer coefficient value is calculated 0.204 W.m2 °C-1. With regard to micro-structure of the dried samples, 2% ethyl oleate pre-treatments yielded the least deformations and had the closest structure to fresh samples.
Textile dyes with high resistance to UV light induced fading on poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers are important for textile substrates used in applications such as automobile interiors and ...outdoor furniture. Dye photostability influenced the development of dye structures for automobile fabrics dating back to the 1980s but the nature of currently used disperse dyes is less widely known. As part of a study designed to provide updates on this subject, the current investigation employed experimental and theoretical methods to determine the nature and properties of commercial dyes used to produce lightfast colors on PET fibers. Having completed the characterization of scarlet and blue disperse dyes for PET-based fabrics used outdoors, our attention turned to the characterization of commercially available lightfast yellow dyes. HPLC analysis showed that a pair of yellow products were mixtures containing three or four dyes, and the use of 1NMR, HRMS and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that they were homologous azo–anthraquinone based dyes with or without a 1,8-bis(phenylthio)anthraquinone dye. Results from calculating Frontier HOMO and LUMO isosurfaces indicated strong HOMO/LUMO overlap, and the E0-0 for the homologous anthraquinone-based azo dyes was exactly the same (2.37 eV) which contributes to their photostability.
Display omitted
•X-ray crystal structure of 1,8-bis(phenylthio)anthraquinone.•ESI-MS and 500 MHz 1H NMR analysis of 3-component dye mixture.•Identification of homologous lightfast azo-anthraquinone dyes.•Equilibrium geometries and ESOP values from TD-DFT calculations.
•Future imaginaries of energy systems are important in how the transition to a decarbonised energy system is governed.•Demonstrator projects do not just reflect assumptions about the systems they are ...part of; they also test the credibility of these future imaginaries.•Values and visions linked to demonstrator projects can provide sources of critical reflection on the credibility of system imaginaries.•Data from a flexible energy systems project in south Wales, UK shows how experts are involved in the production of these localised imaginaries.
Decarbonising the energy system means moving from a centralised, fossil fuel-dependent one to one based primarily on renewable energy. Visions of whole system change focus on socio-technical concepts like electrification and flexibility, rather than single technologies such as nuclear or solar. The role that technological niches might play in relation to such systemic socio-technical visions is under-researched. Traditionally, technological niches are thought to nurture new ‘proto-regimes’, supported by coherent visions of how technologies will help solve problems within existing socio-technical regimes. However, the relationship between socio-technical visions like flexibility and individual demonstrator projects is more complex. Interviews with experts from the FLEXIS energy systems project (south Wales, UK) show how future visions associated with a range of demonstrator projects are being developed against the backdrop of a system-level vision of a flexible, multi-vector energy system. Interview data also shows how the development of visions for demonstrators draws on social learning about place and societal values overlooked in systemic visions. Such social learning can incorporate critical reflection on key assumptions that underlie dominant system-level visions. The extent such learning is possible through the development of potential niches, however, is subject to limitations that invite further research.
•In Canada the use of canola meal and peas is common in dairy rations.•New co-product, carinata meal, is now available.•Blend pelleted products using co-products were developed and tested.•Adding ...lignosulfonate had slightly improved the pellet durability index.•Carinata meal pelleted products had higher crude protein and energy values.
The aim of this study was to develop and test eight BPPs, blend pelleted products, based on a new co-product (CR, carinata meal), conventional co-product (CN, canola meal), peas and lignosulfonate compound (feed additive) blended at different levels for ruminants. The parameters investigated included pellet durability index (PDI), bioenergy, protein and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions, bioactive compounds (GS, glucosinolates and CT, condensed tannins), and AA, amino acid profiles. The feed processing was carried out at the Canadian National Feed Research Center (CFRC, University of Saskatchewan, Canada). The results showed that the PDI slightly improved by increasing the level of peas in BPPs or by adding lignosulfonate to BPPs. Total glucosinolates and condensed tannins ranged from 3.46 to 5.86 μmol/g and from 0.19 to 0.33 g/kg DM, respectively. Regarding the bioenergy profile, the CR-based product had higher (P < 0.05) values for NEL, net energy of lactation; NEm, net energy of maintenance, and NEg, net energy for growth compared to the CN-based products. Regarding the protein and CHO profiles, the CN-based products showed higher levels of indigestible protein (PC, 31 vs. 14 g/kg CP, P < 0.05) while lower slowly degradable true protein content (PB2, 33 vs. 12.1 g/kg CP, P < 0.05) relative to the CR-based products. Additionally, the CN-based blend pelleted products had a higher indigestible fiber content (CC, +73 g/kg CHO) relative to the CR-based blend pelleted products. The CN-based products contained higher (P < 0.05) lysine levels (ranging from 57 to 59 g/kg CP) compared to the CR-based products (ranging from 42 to 44 g/kg CP), whereas the CR-based products had the highest content of total amino acids. In conclusion, the new co-product (carinata meal) based pelleted products had higher true nutritive values, and lower glucosinolates and condensed tannins compared to the conventional co-product (canola meal), and could be used as a protein and energy source in animal and metabolic trials to determine its real effect on dairy cattle performance.
Leitmotive und Storylines der Energiewende Ricarda Schmidt-Scheele; Dierk Bauknecht; Witold-Roger Poganietz ...
TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis (Online),
12/2019, Volume:
28, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Transformationspfade zu einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem beruhen meist auf modellbasierten Szenarien. In den Szenarien müssen gesellschaftliche Prozesse und deren Interaktion mit technologischen, ...ökonomischen und ökologischen Aspekten betrachtet werden. Dies setzt u.a. eine Integration zentraler Stakeholder-Positionen in die Szenarien voraus. Hierzu präsentieren wir Ansätze aus zwei Forschungsprojekten: Der erste Ansatz identifiziert gesellschaftliche Leitmotive der Energiewende und analysiert, in welchen technisch-ökonomischen Transformationspfaden diese realisiert werden können. Der zweite Ansatz setzt auf eine partizipative Entwicklung von Storylines, um eine verbesserte Legitimation und Kommunikation von Transformationspfaden zu erreichen. Wir diskutieren die Herangehensweisen beider Ansätze, die Positionen von Stakeholdern methodisch zu erfassen und mit technisch-ökonomischen Perspektiven zur Energiesystemtransformation zu verknüpfen.
The effects of substituting olive, grape seed, corn, canola, or soybean oil and rice bran fiber on the chemical composition, cooking characteristics, fatty acid composition, and sensory properties of ...low-fat frankfurters were investigated. Ten percent of the total fat content of frankfurters with a total fat content of 30% (control) was partially replaced by one of the vegetable oils to reduce the pork fat content by 10%. The moisture and ash content of low-fat frankfurters with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber were all higher than the control (
P
<
0.05). Low-fat frankfurters had reduced-fat content, energy values, cholesterol and
trans-fat levels, and increased pH, cooking yield and TBA values compared to the controls (
P
<
0.05). Low-fat frankfurters with reduced-fat content plus rice bran fiber had sensory properties similar to control frankfurters containing pork fat.
PDF
