How has the European Commission designed its new enlargement methodology in times of enlargement fatigue? Several studies have pointed out the French opposition to launching accession negotiation ...with North Macedonia and Albania in 2019 as a significant factor explaining the content of the new methodology. Traditionally, enlargement policy has been seen through the lenses of rational choice institutionalism: from this perspective, the new methodology would be resulting from such an external shock. This paper argues instead, using the discursive institutionalism framework and the concept of institutional bricolage, that the new methodology is the product of four different discourses on enlargement layered on top of each other.
Une réaction au « non » français ? Ou un exemple de bricolage institutionnel ?
Comment la Commission européenne a-t-elle conçu sa nouvelle méthodologie d'élargissement malgré une certaine lassitude face à ce processus ? Plusieurs études ont montré que l'opposition française au lancement des négociations d'adhésion avec la Macédoine du Nord et l'Albanie en 2019 expliquait le contenu de la nouvelle méthodologie. Traditionnellement, la politique d'élargissement a été vue à travers le prisme de l´institutionnalisme rationnel : de ce point de vue, la nouvelle méthodologie serait le résultat d’un tel choc externe. Cet article soutient au contraire, en utilisant le cadre de l'institutionnalisme discursif et le concept de bricolage institutionnel, que la nouvelle méthodologie est le produit de quatre discours différents sur l'élargissement superposés les uns sur les autres.
A New Golden Age for Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes Schneider, Tobias F.; Kaschel, Johannes; Werz, Daniel B.
Angewandte Chemie (International ed.),
May 26, 2014, Volume:
53, Issue:
22
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The effective use of ring strain has been applied to considerable advantage for the construction of complex systems. The focus here is directed towards cyclopropanes as building blocks for organic ...synthesis. Although thermodynamics should take the side of synthetic chemists, only a specific substitution pattern at the cyclopropane ring allows for particularly mild, efficient, and selective transformations. The required decrease in the activation barrier is achieved by the combined effects of vicinal electron‐donating and electron‐accepting moieties. This Review highlights the appropriate tools for successfully employing donor–acceptor cyclopropanes in ring‐opening reactions, cycloadditions, and rearrangements.
Tug‐of‐war on cyclopropanes: Even though donor–acceptor‐substituted cyclopropanes were already investigated 30 years ago, the last few years have brought about a renaissance in their chemistry. This Review highlights the most recent developments regarding ring opening, cycloadditions, and ring enlargement.
This work deals with estimating the dominant size enlargement mechanism in spray fluidized beds. A new process model is presented, which consists of population balances and a heat‐ and mass‐transfer ...model. New methods to incorporate the wet surface fraction and the Stokes criterion are proposed, which allow for the probability of wet collisions and the probability of successful wet collisions to be calculated. The product of these parameters, the probability of successful collisions, is linked to the dominant size enlargement mechanism. Simulation studies were performed to investigate the influence of inlet gas temperature, viscosity, droplet size, and contact angle on the probability of successful collisions. Further simulation results based on experiments available in literature suggest that exceeding a probability of successful collisions of 0.001 is sufficient for agglomeration to become dominant. Otherwise, layering will be the dominant size enlargement mechanism. Finally, regime maps of layering and agglomeration are constructed.
Periodontal health is defined by absence of clinically detectable inflammation. There is a biological level of immune surveillance that is consistent with clinical gingival health and homeostasis. ...Clinical gingival health may be found in a periodontium that is intact, i.e. without clinical attachment loss or bone loss, and on a reduced periodontium in either a non‐periodontitis patient (e.g. in patients with some form of gingival recession or following crown lengthening surgery) or in a patient with a history of periodontitis who is currently periodontally stable. Clinical gingival health can be restored following treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis. However, the treated and stable periodontitis patient with current gingival health remains at increased risk of recurrent periodontitis, and accordingly, must be closely monitored.
Two broad categories of gingival diseases include non‐dental plaque biofilm–induced gingival diseases and dental plaque‐induced gingivitis. Non‐dental plaque biofilm‐induced gingival diseases include a variety of conditions that are not caused by plaque and usually do not resolve following plaque removal. Such lesions may be manifestations of a systemic condition or may be localized to the oral cavity. Dental plaque‐induced gingivitis has a variety of clinical signs and symptoms, and both local predisposing factors and systemic modifying factors can affect its extent, severity, and progression. Dental plaque‐induced gingivitis may arise on an intact periodontium or on a reduced periodontium in either a non‐periodontitis patient or in a currently stable “periodontitis patient” i.e. successfully treated, in whom clinical inflammation has been eliminated (or substantially reduced). A periodontitis patient with gingival inflammation remains a periodontitis patient (Figure 1), and comprehensive risk assessment and management are imperative to ensure early prevention and/or treatment of recurrent/progressive periodontitis.
Precision dental medicine defines a patient‐centered approach to care, and therefore, creates differences in the way in which a “case” of gingival health or gingivitis is defined for clinical practice as opposed to epidemiologically in population prevalence surveys. Thus, case definitions of gingival health and gingivitis are presented for both purposes. While gingival health and gingivitis have many clinical features, case definitions are primarily predicated on presence or absence of bleeding on probing. Here we classify gingival health and gingival diseases/conditions, along with a summary table of diagnostic features for defining health and gingivitis in various clinical situations.
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