The impact of the extraction technologies on product yield and analytical profile is relevant. This review is aiming to discuss recent experiences of successes and failures in non-conventional ...extraction scaling-up, to better understand the challenges and designing of existing and new techniques. Understanding the crucial extraction factors at laboratory and pilot scale is of paramount value for the engineering work of scaling-up. Besides, a careful analysis and modelling of heat and mass transfer and energy consumption, the design of industrial extraction plants driven by economic and environmental factors, are well covered in the present review. Current trend strongly favors scaling-up of green approaches that consumes less organic solvent(s), involves minimal operational steps, provides high throughput capability and assures highest yield at lower costs. Current and future challenges in scaling-up extraction of bioactive compounds require a parallel development of suitable analytical methods to monitor the process and ensure high yield and quality.
•Recent advances in extraction scale-up studies with non-conventional techniques.•Enabling technologies and analytical monitoring in industrial green extraction.•Hybrid techniques and continuous processes for extraction industrialisation.•Extraction kinetics and modeling for extraction optimisation.•Technology readiness levels (TRLs) in green extraction scaling-up.
In pesticide residue analysis, relatively low‐sensitivity traditional detectors, such as UV, diode array, electron‐capture, flame photometric, and nitrogen‐phosphorus detectors, have been used ...following classical sample preparation (liquid–liquid extraction and open glass column cleanup); however, the extraction method is laborious, time‐consuming, and requires large volumes of toxic organic solvents. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method was introduced in 2003 and coupled with selective and sensitive mass detectors to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. Compared to traditional detectors, mass spectrometers are still far more expensive and not available in most modestly equipped laboratories, owing to maintenance and cost‐related issues. Even available, traditional detectors are still being used for analysis of residues in agricultural commodities. It is widely known that the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method is incompatible with conventional detectors owing to matrix complexity and low sensitivity. Therefore, modifications using column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction instead of dispersive solid‐phase extraction for cleanup have been applied in most cases to compensate and enable the adaptation of the extraction method to conventional detectors. In gas chromatography, the matrix enhancement effect of some analytes has been observed, which lowers the limit of detection and, therefore, enables gas chromatography to be compatible with the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method. For liquid chromatography with a UV detector, a combination of column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction and dispersive solid‐phase extraction was found to reduce the matrix interference and increase the sensitivity. A suitable double‐layer column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction might be the perfect solution, instead of a time‐consuming combination of column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction and dispersive solid‐phase extraction. Therefore, replacing dispersive solid‐phase extraction with column/cartridge‐based solid‐phase extraction in the cleanup step can make the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method compatible with traditional detectors for more sensitive, effective, and green analysis.
With the growing consumer demands for greener alternatives that do not involve toxic chemicals as well as the industry concerns of sustainable, nontoxic routes of extraction, the applications of ...novel extraction technologies in the food industry have been widely studied. This review discussed the novel extraction technologies including their mechanisms, protocols, influencing factors, advantages and drawbacks, as well as a comprehensive summary of the combination of the novel extraction technologies for phyto-bioactive compounds. Novel extraction methods, including ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), are considered as clean, green and efficient alternative to conventional extraction technologies. Their combinations, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE), microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction (MAEE) and ultrasonic microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), can exhibit higher potential extraction ability. However, some of them need specific equipment. The food industry in the extraction sector should choose a proper extraction method which has a balance between product quality, process efficiency, production costs and environmentally friendly processes. The current review presented comprehensive references for future research on the novel extraction of phyto-bioactive compounds extraction.
Highlights
Novel clean, green and efficient alternative to conventional extraction technologies are discussed.
Combination of the novel extraction technologies for synergistic effects.
Minimal degradation and enhanced extraction yields.
Extraction mechanisms, advantages and drawbacks associated with novel extraction technologies.
Marine algae are a rich source of bioactive compounds. This paper outlines the main bioactive compounds in marine algae and recent advances in novel technologies for extracting them. Novel extraction ...technologies reviewed include enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction. These technologies are reviewed with respect to principles, benefits, and potential applications for marine algal bioactives. Advantages of novel technologies include higher yield, reduced treatment time, and lower cost compared to traditional solvent extraction techniques. Moreover, different combinations of novel techniques used for extraction and technologies suitable for thermolabile compounds are identified. The limitations of and challenges to employing these novel extraction technologies in industry are also highlighted.
Novel methodologies for the improved extraction of bioactive carbohydrates that fulfill the principles of green chemistry have been reviewed in this manuscript. As an alternative to conventional ...water extraction methods, advantages of the use of new green solvents such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have been discussed. Recent applications of advanced techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) have also been revised. Special attention has been paid to those procedures based on the combination of several of these techniques which provide a better performance e.g. ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) or show an improved selectivity e.g. microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (MAATPE), microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction or enzymolysis-ultrasound-assisted extraction (MAEE or EUAE), etc.. Finally, future perspectives regarding the possible application of these new eco-friendly methodologies at industrial scale together with the advances required to that aim are presented.
•Recent advances for the green extraction of bioactive carbohydrates are reviewed.•DES and ILS are shown as green and selective solvents for carbohydrate extraction.•Recent developments and applications of PLE, UAE, MAE, SFE and EAE are discussed.•Combination of advanced techniques provides more selective and efficient extractions.
This paper reviews the phenolic-compound-extraction systems used to analyse fruit and vegetable samples over the last 10 years. Phenolic compounds are naturally occurring antioxidants, usually found ...in fruits and vegetables. Sample preparation for analytical studies is necessary to determine the polyphenolic composition in these matrices. The most widely used extraction system is liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), which is an inexpensive method since it involves the use of organic solvents, but it requires long extraction times, giving rise to possible extract degradation. Likewise, solid-phase extraction (SPE) can be used in liquid samples. Modern techniques, which have been replacing conventional ones, include: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). These alternative techniques reduce considerably the use of solvents and accelerate the extraction process.
Liquid‐liquid extraction is performed in most cases at moderate temperatures to utilize its energy‐efficient advantages. A new concept of a process‐intensified extraction device for liquid‐liquid ...systems at increased temperature and pressure is presented. The design of the extraction device with its new subsystems, such as stirrer and pulsation, including a safety concept, is discussed within this work. Further, a mechanical stability analysis is shown to prove the usability of the extraction device for increased temperature and pressure.
Liquid‐liquid extraction has primarily been performed at ambient conditions to utilize its energy‐efficient advantages. An innovative concept of the process‐intensified liquid‐liquid extraction for increased temperature and pressure is presented which allows the performance of liquid‐liquid extraction under such conditions to gain higher separation efficiencies and throughputs.
Rice is one of the most important crops throughout the world, as it contributes toward satisfying the food demand of much of the global population. It is well known that rice production generates a ...considerable number of by-products, among which rice bran deserves particular attention. This by-product is exceptionally rich in nutrients, since it contains a wide spectrum of macronutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) as well as dietary fibers and bioactive compounds. However, rice bran is usually wasted or just used for the production of low-cost products. The lipidic fraction of rice bran contains an unsaponifiable fraction that is rich in such functional components as tocopherols, γ-oryzanol, tocotrienols, and phytosterols. This lipidic fraction can be extracted to obtain rice bran oil (RBO), a high value-added product with unique health properties as a result of its high concentration in γ-oryzanol, a powerful antioxidant mixture of bioactive molecules. Conventional extraction methods employ hexane as the solvent, but these methods suffer from some drawbacks linked to the toxicity of hexane for humans and the environment. The aim of the review presented herein is to point out the new green technologies currently applied for the extraction of RBO, by highlighting reliable alternatives to conventional solvent extraction methods that are in line with the twelve principles of green chemistry and a circular economy.
•Leafy vegetables, fruits, and microalgae are the rich source of carotenoids.•The choice of solvent is the most critical for efficient extraction of carotenoids.•Soxhlet extraction is a conventional ...method delivers the highest yield of carotenoids.•Supercritical fluid extraction is the superior “green” method for the carotenoids.•Green extraction needs further methodological and technological advancements.
The versatile use of carotenoids in feed, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries has emphasized the optimization of extraction methods to obtain the highest recovery. The choice of method for carotenoid extraction from food matrices is crucial, owing to the presence of diverse carotenoids with varied levels of polarity, and the presence of various physical and chemical barriers in the food matrices. This review highlights the theoretical aspects and recent developments of various conventional and nonconventional methods used for the extraction of carotenoids, including ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Recent applications of non-toxic and environmentally safe solvents (green solvents) and ionic liquids (IL) for carotenoid extraction are also described. Additionally, future research challenges in the context of carotenoids extractions are also identified.
Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSPs) are effective for anti-inflammatory, detumescence, and radicals scavenging, with important applications in the area of food chain, pharmacy science, and health ...care. In this study, we comprehensively studied the interplay between the polysaccharides' formation, physicochemical properties, rheological properties, and associated antioxidant activities of BSPs from different extraction methods. The crude polysaccharides obtained from Bletilla striata by using the hot water extraction (BSPs-H), alkali-assisted extraction (BSPs-A), boiling water extraction (BSPs-B), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (BSPs-U) methods showed different molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, glycosidic bond compositions, and zeta potentials, but with the same IR spectra characteristic and thermal stability. By the above-mentioned four kinds of extraction methods, the resultant BSPs exhibited various degrees of reticular and lamellar structure. All the BSPs solutions exhibited shear-thinning behavior with the increase of the shear rate. Among these BSPs, BSPs-A exhibited better DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power, whereas BSPs-H showed better hydroxyl radical scavenging activities.
•Extraction methods were compared for Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSPs).•Preliminary structure characteristics were conducted for the BSPs.•Extraction methods impacted branched structure and crosslinked networks of BSPs.•BSPs-A showed good antioxidant activity and unique rheological properties.
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